Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods to promote the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. In particular, the present invention provides an improved method for the formation of pancreatic endoderm, pancreatic hormone expressing cells and pancreatic hormone secreting cells. The present invention also provides methods to promote the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells without the use of a feeder cell layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/183,656filed Jul. 31, 2008, which claims priority to provisional ApplicationNo. 60/953,178, filed Jul. 31, 2007. The complete disclosures of theaforementioned related patent applications are hereby incorporatedherein by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods to promote the differentiation ofpluripotent stem cells. In particular, the present invention provides animproved method for the formation of pancreatic endoderm, pancreatichormone expressing cells and pancreatic hormone secreting cells. Thepresent invention also provides methods to promote the differentiationof pluripotent stem cells without the use of a feeder cell layer.

BACKGROUND

Advances in cell-replacement therapy for Type I diabetes mellitus and ashortage of transplantable islets of Langerhans have focused interest ondeveloping sources of insulin-producing cells, or β cells, appropriatefor engraftment. One approach is the generation of functional β cellsfrom pluripotent stem cells, such as, for example, embryonic stem cells.

In vertebrate embryonic development, a pluripotent cell gives rise to agroup of cells comprising three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, andendoderm) in a process known as gastrulation. Tissues such as, forexample, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, gut, and liver, will develop fromthe endoderm, via an intermediate stage. The intermediate stage in thisprocess is the formation of definitive endoderm. Definitive endodermcells express a number of markers, such as, HNF-3beta, GATA4, Mixl1,CXCR4 and Sox-17.

Formation of the pancreas arises from the differentiation of definitiveendoderm into pancreatic endoderm. Cells of the pancreatic endodermexpress the pancreatic-duodenal homeobox gene, Pdx1. In the absence ofPdx1, the pancreas fails to develop beyond the formation of ventral anddorsal buds. Thus, Pdx1 expression marks a critical step in pancreaticorganogenesis. The mature pancreas contains, among other cell types,exocrine tissue and endocrine tissue. Exocrine and endocrine tissuesarise from the differentiation of pancreatic endoderm.

Cells bearing the features of islet cells have reportedly been derivedfrom embryonic cells of the mouse. For example, Lumelsky et al. (Science292:1389, 2001) report differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells toinsulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Soria et al.(Diabetes 49:157, 2000) report that insulin-secreting cells derived frommouse embryonic stem cells normalize glycemia in streptozotocin-induceddiabetic mice.

In one example, Hori et al. (PNAS 99: 16105, 2002) disclose thattreatment of mouse embryonic stem cells with inhibitors ofphosphoinositide 3-kinase (LY294002) produced cells that resembled βcells.

In another example, Blyszczuk et al. (PNAS 100:998, 2003) reports thegeneration of insulin-producing cells from mouse embryonic stem cellsconstitutively expressing Pax4.

Micallef et al. reports that retinoic acid can regulate the commitmentof embryonic stem cells to form Pdx1 positive pancreatic endoderm.Retinoic acid is most effective at inducing Pdx1 expression when addedto cultures at day 4 of embryonic stem cell differentiation during aperiod corresponding to the end of gastrulation in the embryo (Diabetes54:301, 2005).

Miyazaki et al. reports a mouse embryonic stem cell line over-expressingPdx1. Their results show that exogenous Pdx1 expression clearly enhancedthe expression of insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, neurogenin3, P48,Pax6, and HNF6 genes in the resulting differentiated cells (Diabetes 53:1030, 2004).

Skoudy et al. reports that activin A (a member of the TGFβ superfamily)upregulates the expression of exocrine pancreatic genes (p48 andamylase) and endocrine genes (Pdx1, insulin, and glucagon) in mouseembryonic stem cells. The maximal effect was observed using 1 nM activinA. They also observed that the expression level of insulin and Pdx1 mRNAwas not affected by retinoic acid; however, 3 nM FGF7 treatment resultedin an increased level of the transcript for Pdx1 (Biochem. J. 379: 749,2004).

Shiraki et al. studied the effects of growth factors that specificallyenhance differentiation of embryonic stem cells into Pdx1 positivecells. They observed that TGFβ2 reproducibly yielded a higher proportionof Pdx1 positive cells (Genes Cells. 2005 June; 10(6): 503-16.).

Gordon et al. demonstrated the induction of brachyury⁺/HNF-3beta⁺endoderm cells from mouse embryonic stem cells in the absence of serumand in the presence of activin along with an inhibitor of Wnt signaling(US 2006/0003446A1).

Gordon et al. (PNAS, Vol 103, page 16806, 2006) states “Wnt andTGF-beta/nodal/activin signaling simultaneously were required for thegeneration of the anterior primitive streak”.

However, the mouse model of embryonic stem cell development may notexactly mimic the developmental program in higher mammals, such as, forexample, humans.

Thomson et al. isolated embryonic stem cells from human blastocysts(Science 282:114, 1998). Concurrently, Gearhart and coworkers derivedhuman embryonic germ (hEG) cell lines from fetal gonadal tissue(Shamblott et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13726, 1998). Unlikemouse embryonic stem cells, which can be prevented from differentiatingsimply by culturing with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), humanembryonic stem cells must be maintained under very special conditions(U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,806; WO 99/20741; WO 01/51616).

D'Amour et al. describes the production of enriched cultures of humanembryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm in the presence of ahigh concentration of activin and low serum (Nature Biotechnology 2005).Transplanting these cells under the kidney capsule of mice resulted indifferentiation into more mature cells with characteristics of someendodermal organs. Human embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endodermcells can be further differentiated into Pdx1 positive cells afteraddition of FGF-10 (US 2005/0266554A1).

D'Amour et al. (Nature Biotechnology—24, 1392-1401 (2006)) states: “Wehave developed a differentiation process that converts human embryonicstem (hES) cells to endocrine cells capable of synthesizing thepancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreaticpolypeptide and ghrelin. This process mimics in vivo pancreaticorganogenesis by directing cells through stages resembling definitiveendoderm, gut-tube endoderm, pancreatic endoderm and endocrine precursoren route to cells that express endocrine hormones”.

In another example, Fisk et al. reports a system for producingpancreatic islet cells from human embryonic stem cells(US2006/0040387A1). In this case, the differentiation pathway wasdivided into three stages. Human embryonic stem cells were firstdifferentiated to endoderm using a combination of sodium butyrate andactivin A. The cells were then cultured with TGFβ antagonists such asNoggin in combination with EGF or betacellulin to generate Pdx1 positivecells. The terminal differentiation was induced by nicotinamide.

In one example, Benvenistry et al. states: “We conclude thatover-expression of Pdx1 enhanced expression of pancreatic enrichedgenes, induction of insulin expression may require additional signalsthat are only present in vivo” (Benvenistry et al, Stem Cells 2006;24:1923-1930).

Therefore, there still remains a significant need to develop conditionsfor establishing pluripotent stem cell lines that can be expanded toaddress the current clinical needs, while retaining the potential todifferentiate into pancreatic endocrine cells, pancreatic hormoneexpressing cells, or pancreatic hormone secreting cells. We have takenan alternative approach to improve the efficiency of differentiatinghuman embryonic stem cells toward pancreatic endocrine cells.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordifferentiating pluripotent stem cells, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells,-   b. Differentiating the pluripotent stem cells into cells expressing    markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage,-   c. Differentiating the cells expressing markers characteristic of    the definitive endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers    characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage, and-   d. Differentiating the cells expressing markers characteristic of    the pancreatic endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers    characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage.

In one embodiment, cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage are differentiated from pluripotent stemcells by treating pluripotent stem cells by any one of the followingmethods:

-   a. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin    A in the absence of serum, then culturing the cells with activin A    and serum, and then culturing the cells with activin A and serum of    a different concentration, or-   b. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin    A in the absence of serum, then culturing the cells with activin A    with serum of another concentration, or-   c. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin    A and a Wnt ligand in the absence of serum, then removing the Wnt    ligand and culturing the cells with activin A with serum, or-   d. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells on a tissue culture    substrate coated with an extracellular matrix, and culturing the    pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand, or-   e. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells on a tissue culture    substrate coated with an extracellular matrix, then culturing the    pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand in a first    culture medium containing serum, then culturing the pluripotent stem    cells with activin A in a second culture medium containing serum, or-   f. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells on a tissue culture    substrate coated with an extracellular matrix, then culturing the    pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand in a first    culture medium containing serum, then culturing the pluripotent stem    cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand in a second culture medium    containing serum of a different concentration.

In one embodiment, cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage are differentiated from cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage by treatingcells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage by any one of the following methods:

-   a. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage with a fibroblast growth factor and a    hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, then removing the medium    containing the fibroblast growth factor and the hedgehog signaling    pathway inhibitor and subsequently culturing the cells in medium    containing retinoic acid, a fibroblast growth factor and the    hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, or-   b. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage with retinoic acid and at least one    fibroblast growth factor, or-   c. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage with retinoic acid, then removing the    retinoic acid and subsequently treating the cells with at least one    fibroblast growth factor.

In one embodiment, cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endocrine lineage are differentiated from cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage by treatingcells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage by any one of the following methods:

-   a. Culturing the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage in medium containing DAPT and exendin 4,    then removing the medium containing DAPT and exendin 4 and    subsequently culturing the cells in medium containing exendin 1,    IGF-1 and HGF, or-   b. Culturing the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage in medium containing exendin 4, then    removing the medium containing exendin 4 and subsequently culturing    the cells in medium containing exendin 1, IGF-1 and HGF, or-   c. Culturing the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage in medium containing DAFT and exendin 4,    or-   d. Culturing the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage in medium containing exendin 4, or-   e. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage with a factor that inhibits the Notch    signaling pathway, or-   f. Culturing the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage in medium containing from about 10 mM to    about 20 mM glucose and exendin 4.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga patient suffering from diabetes, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing pluripotent stem cells,-   b. Differentiating the pluripotent stem cells into cells expressing    markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage,-   c. Differentiating the cells expressing markers characteristic of    the definitive endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers    characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage,-   d. Differentiating the cells expressing markers characteristic of    the pancreatic endoderm lineage into cells of a β-cell lineage, and-   e. Implanting the cells of a β-cell lineage into the patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 panel a shows the expression of the definitive endoderm markersCXCR4, GATA4, HNF-3beta, Mixl1, Sox-17 in the human embryonic stem cellline H9 following treatment with 100 ng/ml activin A for two, five andeight days. Expression of definitive endoderm markers was assayed at themRNA level and normalized to expression levels in untreated humanembryonic stem cells. Panel b shows the expression of the anteriorendoderm markers Cerberus, Otx-1 and Hex genes in the human embryonicstem cell line H9 following treatment with with 100 ng/ml activin A forthree and five days.

FIG. 2 shows the expression of definitive endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following treatment with 100 ng/ml activin Afor five days. Expression of the definitive endoderm markers wasdetected by immunohistochemistry. Panel (a) shows Sox-17 expression.Panel (b) shows HNF-3beta expression. Panel (c) shows Oct3/4 expression.

FIG. 3 shows the expression of definitive endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following a step-wise differentiationprotocol. Expression of the definitive endoderm markers was assayed atthe mRNA level and normalized to expression levels in untreated humanembryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows GATA4 expression. Panel (b) showsSox-17 expression. Panel (c) shows HNF-3beta expression. Panel (d) showsMixl1 expression. Data points marked ‘AA’ denote activin A treatment forone (1 d), three (3 d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d). Data pointsmarked ‘UT’ denote untreated controls cultured for one (1 d), three (3d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d).

FIG. 4 shows the expression of extra-embryonic endoderm markers in thehuman embryonic stem cell line H9 following a step-wise differentiationprotocol. Expression of the extraembryonic endoderm markers was assayedat the mRNA level and normalized to expression levels in untreated humanembryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows the effect of 100 ng/ml activin Aon AFP expression. Panel (b) shows the effect of 100 ng/ml activin A onSox7 expression. Data points marked ‘AA’ denote activin A treatment forone (1 d), three (3 d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d). Data pointsmarked ‘UT’ denote untreated controls cultured for one (1 d), three (3d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d).

FIG. 5 shows the expression of mesoderm and ectoderm markers in thehuman embryonic stem cell line H9 following a step-wise differentiationprotocol. Expression of the mesoderm and ectoderm markers was assayed atthe mRNA level and normalized to expression levels in untreated humanembryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows the effect of 100 ng/ml activin Aon Brachyury expression. Panel (b) shows the effect of 100 ng/ml activinA on Zic1 expression. Data points marked ‘AA’ denote activin A treatmentfor one (1 d), three (3 d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d). Data pointsmarked ‘UT’ denote untreated controls cultured for one (1 d), three (3d), five (5 d), or seven days (7 d).

FIG. 6 shows the expression of the definitive endoderm markers Brachyury(panel a) CXCR4 (panel b), Mixl1 (panel c), Sox17 (panel d), HNF-3beta(panel e), Oct4 (panel f) in the human embryonic stem cell line H7following treatment with 100 ng/ml activin A for one, three, five andseven days. Expression of definitive endoderm markers was assayed at themRNA level and normalized to expression levels in untreated humanembryonic stem cells.

FIG. 7 shows the expression of definitive endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a differentiationprotocol. Expression of the definitive endoderm markers was detected byimmunohistochemistry. Panels (a) and (b) show Sox-17 expression. Panels(c) and (d) show HNF-3beta expression. Panels (e) and (f) show GATA4expression. Panels (b), (d) and (f) show counter staining of the nucleiwith DAPI. The columns marked ‘treated’ denote activin A treatment (100ng/ml) for five days. The columns marked ‘untreated’ denote untreatedcontrols.

FIG. 8 shows the expression of pancreatic endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a seconddifferentiation protocol. Expression of the pancreatic endoderm markerswas assayed by PCR and normalized to expression levels in activin Atreated human embryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows Pdx1 expression.Panel (b) shows GLUT-2 expression. Panel (c) shows PTF1a expression.

FIG. 9 shows the expression of pancreatic endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a seconddifferentiation protocol. Expression of the pancreatic endoderm markerswas detected by immunohistochemistry. Panel (a) shows Pdx1 expression inthe untreated control, and panel (b) shows Pdx1 expression in theculture treated by the stepwise differentiation protocol.

FIG. 10 shows the expression of pancreatic endocrine markers in thehuman embryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a thirddifferentiation protocol. Expression of the pancreatic endocrine markerswas assayed by PCR and normalized to expression levels in activin Atreated human embryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows NeuroD1 expression.Panel (b) shows Ngn3 expression. Panel (c) shows insulin expression.Panel (d) shows Hes-1 expression, the expression level is normalized topancreatic endoderm cells.

FIG. 11 shows the expression of pancreatic endoderm markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a differentiationprotocol. Expression of the pancreatic endoderm markers was assayed byPCR and normalized to expression levels in activin A treated humanembryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows Nkx2.2 expression. Panel (b) showsPdx1 expression.

FIG. 12 shows the expression of PDX-1 in cells with each passage (P0, P1and P2) in culture. Expression of the PDX-1 was assayed by PCR andnormalized to expression levels in activin A treated human embryonicstem cells H9.

FIG. 13 shows the expression of hepatocyte markers in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 following application of a thirddifferentiation protocol. Expression of the hepatocyte markers wasassayed by PCR and normalized to expression levels in activin A treatedhuman embryonic stem cells. Panel (a) shows AFP expression. Panel (b)shows albumin expression.

FIG. 14 shows the expression of markers of pluripotency in the humanembryonic stem cell line H9. Expression of the markers of pluripotencywas assayed by immunohistochemistry. Panel (a) shows Oct-4 expression.Panel (b) shows alkaline phosphatase expression.

FIG. 15 shows the karyotype of the human embryonic cell line H9. TheKaryotype was determined on cells at passage number P36 that werecultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells.

FIG. 16 depicts the outline of a differentiation protocol in thisinvention, where human embryonic stem cells are differentiated intodefinitive endoderm in a feeder free system.

FIG. 17 depicts the FACS profile of human embryonic stem cell line H9 atpassage number 44, cultured on varying concentrations of MATRIGEL andexposed to (0.5-2%) low serum and high activin A (100 ng/ml) for 5 days.The expression of definite endoderm marker CXCR4 (CD184) is shown on theY-axis and the expression of ES marker CD9 is shown on the X-axis.

FIG. 18 shows the real-time PCR results for markers of definitiveendoderm, from cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9 atpassage 44 cultured on a 1:10 dilution of MATRIGEL (▪), a 1:20 dilutionof MATRIGEL (

), or a 1:30 dilution of MATRIGEL (□) and exposed to the differentiationprotocol disclosed in Example 14. The fold induction is relative toundifferentiated cells of the human embryonic stem cell line H9, atpassage number 44, cultured in medium conditioned using mouse embryonicfibroblasts.

FIG. 19 shows the scatter plots for global gene expression inundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and definitive endoderm cellsobtained from differentiating pluripotent stem cells. Data shown is fromcultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9 cell line at passage44 cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (right panel) and passage 83cultured on MATRIGEL (left panel).

FIG. 20 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS at day 5 for the humanembryonic stem cell line H1 (panel a), the human embryonic stem cellline H7 (panel b), and the human embryonic stem cell line H9 (panel c)cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells exposed to thedefinitive endoderm differentiation protocol disclosed in Example 4.

FIG. 21 shows the real-time PCR results of expression of the indicateddefinitive endoderm markers in cultures of the human embryonic stem cellline H7 (panel a) and the human embryonic stem cell line H9 (panel b)cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells. Results areexpressed as fold increase over undifferentiated cells.

FIG. 22 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS at day 5 for the humanembryonic stem cell line H1 (panel a), the human embryonic stem cellline H7 (panel b), and the human embryonic stem cell line H9 (panel c)cultured on MATRIGEL (1:30 dilution) and exposed to the definitiveendoderm differentiation protocol disclosed in Example 4.

FIG. 23 shows the real-time PCR results of the expression of theindicated definitive endoderm markers in cultures of the human embryonicstem cell line H7 (panel a) and the human embryonic stem cell line H9(panel b) and the human embryonic stem cell line H1 (panel c). Resultsare expressed as fold increase over undifferentiated cells. Cells weretreated according to the methods disclosed in Example 4.

FIG. 24 depicts phase contrast images of cultures of the human embryonicstem cell line H9 at passage 46 in the presence of 100 ng/ml of activinA (panel a) or 100 ng/ml of activin A+20 ng/ml Wnt-3a (panel b). Cellswere treated for five days.

FIG. 25 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS in cultures of the humanembryonic stem cell line H7 at passage 44 (panels a & b) and H9 atpassage 46 (panels c & d), following treatment according to the methodsdisclosed in Example 4. Panels b and d show the effect of 20 ng/ml ofWnt-3a on CXCR4 expression. Panels a and c show CXCR4expression in theabsence of Wnt-3a. Results were obtained 5 days post treatment.

FIG. 26 displays the real-time PCR data for expression of the genesindicated in cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H7 (panel a)and H9 (panel b). Cultures were treated with the differentiationprotocol disclosed in Example 4. The effects of Wnt agonists Wnt-3a (20ng/ml), Wnt-5a (20 ng/ml) and Wnt-7a (20 ng/ml) were also tested, asindicated in the panels. Cells were treated for 5 days. Results areexpressed as fold increase over undifferentiated cells.

FIG. 27 depicts the expression of CXCR4 in cultures of the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 at passage 46, by FACS at five days posttreatment. Panel (a) depicts CXCR4 expression in the absence of Wnt-3a.Panel (b) depicts CXCR4 expression following treatment with 10 ng/mlWnt-3a. Panel (c) depicts CXCR4 expression following treatment with 20ng/ml Wnt-3a, and panel (d) depicts CXCR4 expression following treatmentwith 50 ng/ml Wnt-3a.

FIG. 28 depicts the expression of definitive markers indicated incultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9 after 5 days oftreatment. Results are shown as fold increase in expression overuntreated cells, as determined by real-time PCR. Panel (a) shows theeffect of 10, 20 and 50 ng/ml Wnt-3a on the expression of definitiveendoderm marker genes indicated. Panel (b) shows the effect of 1, 5 or10 ng/ml Wnt-3a (x-axis labels: 10, 5, 1) on the expression on goosecoid(▪) and CXCR4 (□) expression, at 2 (2d) and 5 (5 d) days post treatment.Panel (c) shows the effect of 1, 5 or 10 ng/ml Wnt-3a on cell number, at2 days (▪) or 5 days (□).

FIG. 29 depicts the expression of CXCR4 in cultures of the humanembryonic stem cell line H9 by FACS, following a 5 day treatment withthe differentiation protocol disclosed in Example 4. Cells were culturedin the absence of Wnt-3a or GSK-3B inhibitor (panel a), 20 ng/ml Wnt-3afor the entire 5 day period (panel b), 1000 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX forthe entire 5 day period (panel c), 500 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for theentire 5 day period (panel d), 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the entire5 day period (panel e), 10 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the entire 5 dayperiod (panel f), 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for days 1-2 (panel g), 10nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for days 1-2 (panel h).

FIG. 30 depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers byreal-time PCR. Results are expressed as fold increase over untreatedcells. Panel (a) shows data obtained from the human embryonic cell lineH9 at passage number 48, treated to the definitive endoderm protocoldisclosed in Example 4, containing the Wnt-3a or GSK-3B inhibitor at theconcentrations and the times indicated. Panel (b) shows data obtainedfrom the human embryonic cell line H9 at passage number 46, treated tothe definitive endoderm protocol disclosed in Example 4, containing theWnt-3a or GSK-3B inhibitor at the concentrations and the timesindicated.

FIG. 31 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS for embryonic stem celllines used in the present invention. Panels (a-d) show data obtainedfrom the human embryonic stem cell line H9 at passage number 49. Panels(e-f) show data obtained from the human embryonic stem cell line H1 atpassage number 46. Data was obtained 5 days post treatment. Cells weretreated with the following conditions: Panel (a): 10 ng/ml activin A forall five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first two days; panel (b):100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for thefirst two days; panel (c): 100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus100 nM of GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the first two days; panel (d): 10ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 100 nM GSK-3B IX inhibitor forthe first two days, panel (e): 100 ng/ml activin A for all five daysplus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first two days, and panel (f):10 ng/mlactivin A for all five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first twodays.

FIG. 32 depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers, asdetermined by real-time PCR for cultures of the human embryonic stemcell line H9 at passage 49, treated with 10, 50, or 100 ng/ml of activinA plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a: panel (a): expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4,GSC, HNF-3B, and POU5F (Oct-4) and panel (b): SOX-17 and GATA4. Resultsare expressed as fold increase over untreated cells.

FIG. 33 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS for the embryonic stemcell line H9 at passage 53. Data was obtained 5 days post treatment.Cells were treated with the following conditions: Panel (a): 100 ng/mlactivin A for all five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first twodays and 25 ng/ml BMP-4 for days 3-5; panel (b): 100 ng/ml activin A forall five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first two days; panel (c):100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 100 nM of GSK-3B inhibitor IXfor the first two days; panel (d): 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a+25 ng/ml BMP-4 forall five days; panel (e): 100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 20ng/ml of Wnt-3a+100 nm GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the first two days, andpanel (f): 100 ng/ml activin A+25 ng/ml BMP-4 for all five days. For allthe panels, the X-axis represents expression of CD9 and the Y-axisrepresents expression of CXCR4 (CD184).

FIG. 34 depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers, asdetermined by real-time PCR for cultures of the human embryonic stemcell line H1 at passage 46, treated with 10 or 100 ng/ml of activin Aplus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a or 100 NM GSK-3B inhibitor: panel (a):expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4, GSC, and POU5F (Oct-4) and panel (b):SOX-17, HNF-3B, and GATA4. Results are expressed as fold increase overuntreated cells.

FIG. 35 depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers, asdetermined by real-time PCR for cultures of the human embryonic stemcell line H9 at passage 49, treated with 50 or 100 ng/ml of activin Aplus 10 or 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor: panel (a): expression of AFP, Bry,CXCR4, GSC, HNF-3B, and POU5F (Oct-4) and panel (b): SOX-17 and GATA4.Results are expressed as fold increase over untreated cells.

FIG. 36 depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers, asdetermined by real-time PCR for cultures of the human embryonic stemcell line H9 at passage 53, treated with combinations of activin A,Wnt-3a, GSK-3 inhibitor, and BMP-4, for five days: panel (a): expressionof AFP, Bry, CXCR4, GSC, HNF-3B, and SOX7 and panel (b): SOX-17, HNF-3Band GATA4.

FIG. 37 depicts the percentage of CXCR4 expression, determined by FACS,in cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9, treated with theconditions listed in Example 22.

FIG. 38 depicts the expression of definitive endoderm markers asdetermined by FACS in cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9,cultured on fibronectin (panel a) or MATRIGEL™ (panel b).

FIG. 39 depicts the expression of definitive endoderm markers asdetermined by real-time PCR in cultures of the human embryonic stem cellline H9, cultured on fibronectin (□) or a 1:10 dilution of growth factorreduced MATRIGEL (▪).

FIG. 40 depicts the effect of various concentrations of MATRIGEL in thepresence of low serum, 100 ng/ml of activin A and 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a ondifferentiating human embryonic stem cells into definitive endoderm.Cells were treated according to the methods disclosed in Example 4.Results shown are the expression levels of the genes indicated, asdetermined by real-time PCR.

FIG. 41 depicts the role of Wnt-3a in definitive endoderm formation byhuman embryonic stem cells maintained on MATRIGEL, but differentiated onmouse embryonic fibroblasts. Panels (a-d) show real-time PCR data forthe genes indicated. Panels (e-g) show FACS data for the conditionsindicated.

FIG. 42 shows the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells culturedon tissue culture substrate coated with MATRIGEL™ to definitive endodermfollowing treatment with the Wnt Inhibitor DKK-1. Results shown are theexpression of the genes indicated, as determined by real-time PCR in H9cells treated according to the methods disclosed in Example 4 in thepresence of 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A plus 100 ng/ml of DKK1 (DE+DKK1), or inthe absence of DKK1 (DE).

FIG. 43 shows immunofluorescence staining of definitive endoderm markersin cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9 cultured on tissueculture substrate coated with MATRIGEL and differentiated in low serumplus 100 ng/ml of activin-A without (panel a), or with (panel b) 20ng/ml of Wnt-3a. Ecad=E-cadherin, NCAM=N-cadherin,

FIG. 44 shows the differentiation of the human embryonic stem cell lineSA002 at passage 38 into definitive endoderm. Cells were treated forfive days with the conditions indicated and gene expression wasdetermined by real-time PCR, for the genes indicated in the panels.

FIG. 45 shows the expression of CXCR4 by FACS in the human embryonicstem cell line SA002 at passage 38, following treatment with 100 ng/mlactivin A treatment (panel a), 100 ng/ml activin A+20 ng/ml Wnt-3a(panel b), or 100 ng/ml activin A+100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX (panel c).Cells were treated for five days.

FIG. 46 shows the differentiation of the human embryonic stem cell lineH1 at passage 55 into definitive endoderm on tissue culture substratecoated with human serum. Cells were treated with the conditionsindicated and gene expression was determined by real-time PCR, for thegenes indicated in the panels.

FIG. 47 shows the differentiation of cultures of the human embryonicstem cell line H1 at P54, on tissue culture substrate coated withMATRIGEL™ to definitive endoderm. The effects of various GSK-Binhibitors were tested following a five-day DE protocol. The followingGSK-3B inhibitors were evaluated at 100 nM for the first two days oftreatment: GSK-3B VIII, IX, XI, and XII.

FIG. 48 shows the expression of AFP (panel a), Pdx-1 (panel b), Cdx-2and Glut-2 (panel c) and HNF-3beta, HNF-6 and somatostatin (panel d) incultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H9 at passage 49,cultured and treated according to the methods disclosed in Example 4 inthe presence of 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a for the first two days of treatment.Following the treatment, the cells were treated for three additionaldays with 2% FBS plus 1 μM retinoic acid, 0.1 to 1 μM TTNPB(4-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoicacid Arotinoid acid), or 0.1-10 μM AM-580(4-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carboxamido]benzoicacid). The cells were next treated for three additional days in 2% FBSplus 20 ng/ml of bFGF.

FIG. 49 shows the real-time PCR results of the expression of thedefinitive endoderm markers indicated in panels a and b. in cultures ofthe human embryonic stem cell line H1 treated with activin A and Wnt-1for the times and concentrations indicated.

FIG. 50 depicts insulin (panel a) and glucagon (panel b) mRNA expressionin cultures of pancreatic endocrine cells, formed from the treatment ofpancreatic endoderm cells in DMEM/F12 or DMEM-low glucose. Data shownare results observed from two separate experiments.

FIG. 51 depicts insulin expression as determined by immunocytochemistryin cells treated in DMDM-low glucose (panel a), DMEM/F12 (panel b).Panel c shows the co-staining of PDX-1 and insulin.

FIG. 52 shows the effect of glucose concentration on gene expression inpancreatic endocrine cells derived from the human embryonic stem cellline H9. Genes are identified in the panels.

FIG. 53 shows c-peptide release from pancreatic endocrine cells formedin 2, 10 and 20 mM glucose. Cells were stimulated with IBMX or 20 mMglucose.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For clarity of disclosure, and not by way of limitation, the detaileddescription of the invention is divided into the following subsectionsthat describe or illustrate certain features, embodiments orapplications of the present invention.

Definitions

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells defined by their ability at thesingle cell level to both self-renew and differentiate to produceprogeny cells, including self-renewing progenitors, non-renewingprogenitors, and terminally differentiated cells. Stem cells are alsocharacterized by their ability to differentiate in vitro into functionalcells of various cell lineages from multiple germ layers (endoderm,mesoderm and ectoderm), as well as to give rise to tissues of multiplegerm layers following transplantation and to contribute substantially tomost, if not all, tissues following injection into blastocysts.

Stem cells are classified by their developmental potential as: (1)totipotent, meaning able to give rise to all embryonic andextraembryonic cell types; (2) pluripotent, meaning able to give rise toall embryonic cell types; (3) multipotent, meaning able to give rise toa subset of cell lineages, but all within a particular tissue, organ, orphysiological system (for example, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) canproduce progeny that include HSC (selfrenewal), blood cell restrictedoligopotent progenitors and all cell types and elements (e.g.,platelets) that are normal components of the blood); (4) oligopotent,meaning able to give rise to a more restricted subset of cell lineagesthan multipotent stem cells; and (5) unipotent, meaning able to giverise to a single cell lineage (e.g., spermatogenic stem cells).

Differentiation is the process by which an unspecialized (“uncommitted”)or less specialized cell acquires the features of a specialized cellsuch as, for example, a nerve cell or a muscle cell. A differentiated ordifferentiation-induced cell is one that has taken on a more specialized(“committed”) position within the lineage of a cell. The term“committed”, when applied to the process of differentiation, refers to acell that has proceeded in the differentiation pathway to a point where,under normal circumstances, it will continue to differentiate into aspecific cell type or subset of cell types, and cannot, under normalcircumstances, differentiate into a different cell type or revert to aless differentiated cell type. De-differentiation refers to the processby which a cell reverts to a less specialized (or committed) positionwithin the lineage of a cell. As used herein, the lineage of a celldefines the heredity of the cell, i.e., which cells it came from andwhat cells it can give rise to. The lineage of a cell places the cellwithin a hereditary scheme of development and differentiation. Alineage-specific marker refers to a characteristic specificallyassociated with the phenotype of cells of a lineage of interest and canbe used to assess the differentiation of an uncommitted cell to thelineage of interest.

Various terms are used to describe cells in culture. “Maintenance”refers generally to cells placed in a growth medium under conditionsthat facilitate cell growth and/or division, which may or may not resultin a larger population of the cells. “Passaging” refers to the processof removing the cells from one culture vessel and placing them in asecond culture vessel under conditions that facilitate cell growthand/or division.

A specific population of cells, or a cell line, is sometimes referred toor characterized by the number of times it has been passaged. Forexample, a cultured cell population that has been passaged ten times maybe referred to as a P10 culture. The primary culture, i.e., the firstculture following the isolation of cells from tissue, is designated P0.Following the first subculture, the cells are described as a secondaryculture (P1 or passage 1). After the second subculture, the cells becomea tertiary culture (P2 or passage 2), and so on. It will be understoodby those of skill in the art that there may be many population doublingsduring the period of passaging; therefore the number of populationdoublings of a culture is greater than the passage number. The expansionof cells (i.e., the number of population doublings) during the periodbetween passages depends on many factors, including but not limited tothe seeding density, substrate, medium, growth conditions, and timebetween passaging.

“β-cell lineage” refer to cells with positive gene expression for thetranscription factor PDX-1 and at least one of the followingtranscription factors: NGN-3, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, NeuroD, Is1-1, HNF-3 beta,MAFA, Pax4, and Pax6. Cells expressing markers characteristic of the βcell lineage include β cells.

“Cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage” as used herein refer to cells expressing at least one of thefollowing markers: SOX-17, GATA-4, HNF-3 beta, GSC, Cer1, Nodal, FGF8,Brachyury, Mixlike homeobox protein, FGF4 CD48, eomesodermin (EOMES),DKK4, FGF17, GATA-6, CXCR4, C-Kit, CD99, or OTX2. Cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage includeprimitive streak precursor cells, primitive streak cells, mesendodermcells and definitive endoderm cells.

“Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage” as used herein refer to cells expressing at least one of thefollowing markers: PDX-1, HNF-1beta, HNF-3beta, PTF-1 alpha, HNF-6, orHB9. Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage include pancreatic endoderm cells.

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrinelineage” as used herein refer to cells expressing at least one of thefollowing markers: NGN-3, NeuroD, Islet-1, PDX-1, NKX6.1, Pax-4, orPTF-1 alpha. Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendocrine lineage include pancreatic endocrine cells, pancreatic hormoneexpressing cells, and pancreatic hormone secreting cells, and cells ofthe β-cell lineage.

“Definitive endoderm” as used herein refers to cells which bear thecharacteristics of cells arising from the epiblast during gastrulationand which form the gastrointestinal tract and its derivatives.Definitive endoderm cells express the following markers: CXCR4, HNF-3beta, GATA-4, SOX-17, Cerberus, OTX2, goosecoid, c-Kit, CD99, and Mixl1.

“Extraembryonic endoderm” as used herein refers to a population of cellsexpressing at least one of the following markers: SOX-7, AFP, and SPARC.

“Markers” as used herein, are nucleic acid or polypeptide molecules thatare differentially expressed in a cell of interest. In this context,differential expression means an increased level for a positive markerand a decreased level for a negative marker. The detectable level of themarker nucleic acid or polypeptide is sufficiently higher or lower inthe cells of interest compared to other cells, such that the cell ofinterest can be identified and distinguished from other cells using anyof a variety of methods known in the art.

“Mesendoderm cell” as used herein refers to a cell expressing at leastone of the following markers: CD48, eomesodermin (EOMES), SOX-17, DKK4,HNF-3 beta, GSC, FGF17, GATA-6.

“Pancreatic endocrine cell” or “pancreatic hormone expressing cell” asused herein refers to a cell capable of expressing at least one of thefollowing hormones: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreaticpolypeptide and ghrelin.

“Pancreatic hormone secreting cell” as used herein refers to a cellcapable of secreting at least one of the following hormones: insulin,glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

“Pre-primitive streak cell” as used herein refers to a cell expressingat least one of the following markers: Nodal, or FGF8.

“Primitive streak cell” as used herein refers to a cell expressing atleast one of the following markers: Brachyury, Mix-like homeoboxprotein, or FGF4.

Isolation, Expansion and Culture of Pluripotent Stem CellsCharacterization of Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells may express one or more of the stage-specificembryonic antigens (SSEA) 3 and 4, and markers detectable usingantibodies designated Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81 (Thomson et al., Science282:1145, 1998). Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in vitroresults in the loss of SSEA-4, Tra-1-60, and Tra-1-81 expression (ifpresent) and increased expression of SSEA-1. Undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells typically have alkaline phosphatase activity,which can be detected by fixing the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde, andthen developing with Vector Red as a substrate, as described by themanufacturer (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame Calif.) Undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells also typically express Oct-4 and TERT, asdetected by RT-PCR.

Another desirable phenotype of propagated pluripotent stem cells is apotential to differentiate into cells of all three germinal layers:endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm tissues. Pluripotency of pluripotentstem cells can be confirmed, for example, by injecting cells into severecombined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, fixing the teratomas that formusing 4% paraformaldehyde, and then examining them histologically forevidence of cell types from the three germ layers. Alternatively,pluripotency may be determined by the creation of embryoid bodies andassessing the embryoid bodies for the presence of markers associatedwith the three germinal layers.

Propagated pluripotent stem cell lines may be karyotyped using astandard G-banding technique and compared to published karyotypes of thecorresponding primate species. It is desirable to obtain cells that havea “normal karyotype,” which means that the cells are euploid, whereinall human chromosomes are present and not noticeably altered.

Sources of Pluripotent Stem Cells

The types of pluripotent stem cells that may be used include establishedlines of pluripotent cells derived from tissue formed after gestation,including pre-embryonic tissue (such as, for example, a blastocyst),embryonic tissue, or fetal tissue taken any time during gestation,typically but not necessarily before approximately 10-12 weeksgestation. Non-limiting examples are established lines of humanembryonic stem cells or human embryonic germ cells, such as, for examplethe human embryonic stem cell lines H1, H7, and H9 (WiCell). Alsocontemplated is use of the compositions of this disclosure during theinitial establishment or stabilization of such cells, in which case thesource cells would be primary pluripotent cells taken directly from thesource tissues. Also suitable are cells taken from a pluripotent stemcell population already cultured in the absence of feeder cells. Alsosuitable are mutant human embryonic stem cell lines, such as, forexample, BG01v (BresaGen, Athens, Ga.).

In one embodiment, human embryonic stem cells are prepared as describedby Thomson et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,780; Science 282:1145, 1998;Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 38:133 ff., 1998; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.92:7844, 1995).

Culture of Pluripotent Stem Cells

In one embodiment, pluripotent stem cells are typically cultured on alayer of feeder cells that support the pluripotent stem cells in variousways. Alternatively, pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a culturesystem that is essentially free of feeder cells, but nonethelesssupports proliferation of pluripotent stem cells without undergoingsubstantial differentiation. The growth of pluripotent stem cells infeeder-free culture without differentiation is supported using a mediumconditioned by culturing previously with another cell type.Alternatively, the growth of pluripotent stem cells in feeder-freeculture without differentiation is supported using a chemically definedmedium.

For example, Reubinoff et al (Nature Biotechnology 18: 399-404 (2000))and Thompson et al (Science 6 Nov. 1998: Vol. 282. no. 5391, pp.1145-1147) disclose the culture of pluripotent stem cell lines fromhuman blastocysts using a mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cell layer.

Richards et al, (Stem Cells 21: 546-556, 2003) evaluated a panel of 11different human adult, fetal and neonatal feeder cell layers for theirability to support human pluripotent stem cell culture. Richards et al,states: “human embryonic stem cell lines cultured on adult skinfibroblast feeders retain human embryonic stem cell morphology andremain pluripotent”.

US20020072117 discloses cell lines that produce media that support thegrowth of primate pluripotent stem cells in feeder-free culture. Thecell lines employed are mesenchymal and fibroblast-like cell linesobtained from embryonic tissue or differentiated from embryonic stemcells. US20020072117 also discloses the use of the cell lines as aprimary feeder cell layer.

In another example, Wang et at (Stem Cells 23: 1221-1227, 2005)discloses methods for the long-term growth of human pluripotent stemcells on feeder cell layers derived from human embryonic stem cells.

In another example, Stojkovic et at (Stem Cells 2005 23: 306-314, 2005)disclose a feeder cell system derived from the spontaneousdifferentiation of human embryonic stem cells.

In a further example, Miyamoto et at (Stem Cells 22: 433-440, 2004)disclose a source of feeder cells obtained from human placenta.

Amit et at (Biol. Reprod 68: 2150-2156, 2003) discloses a feeder celllayer derived from human foreskin.

In another example, Inzunza et at (Stem Cells 23: 544-549, 2005)disclose a feeder cell layer from human postnatal foreskin fibroblasts.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,048 discloses media that support the growth ofprimate pluripotent stem (pPS) cells in feeder-free culture, and celllines useful for production of such media. U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,048states: “This invention includes mesenchymal and fibroblast-like celllines obtained from embryonic tissue or differentiated from embryonicstem cells. Methods for deriving such cell lines, processing media, andgrowing stem cells using the conditioned media are described andillustrated in this disclosure.”

In another example, WO2005014799 discloses conditioned medium for themaintenance, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian cells.WO2005014799 states: “The culture medium produced in accordance with thepresent invention is conditioned by the cell secretion activity ofmurine cells, in particular, those differentiated and immortalizedtransgenic hepatocytes, named MMH (Met Murine Hepatocyte).”

In another example, Xu et at (Stem Cells 22: 972-980, 2004) disclosesconditioned medium obtained from human embryonic stem cell derivativesthat have been genetically modified to over express human telomerasereverse transcriptase.

In another example, US20070010011 discloses a chemically defined culturemedium for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells.

An alternative culture system employs serum-free medium supplementedwith growth factors capable of promoting the proliferation of embryonicstem cells. For example, Cheon et al (BioReprodDOI:10.1095/biolreprod.105.046870, Oct. 19, 2005) disclose afeeder-free, serum-free culture system in which embryonic stem cells aremaintained in unconditioned serum replacement (SR) medium supplementedwith different growth factors capable of triggering embryonic stem cellself-renewal.

In another example, Levenstein et at (Stem Cells 24: 568-574, 2006)disclose methods for the long-term culture of human embryonic stem cellsin the absence of fibroblasts or conditioned medium, using mediasupplemented with bFGF.

In another example, US20050148070 discloses a method of culturing humanembryonic stem cells in defined media without serum and withoutfibroblast feeder cells, the method comprising: culturing the stem cellsin a culture medium containing albumin, amino acids, vitamins, minerals,at least one transferrin or transferrin substitute, at least one insulinor insulin substitute, the culture medium essentially free of mammalianfetal serum and containing at least about 100 ng/ml of a fibroblastgrowth factor capable of activating a fibroblast growth factor signalingreceptor, wherein the growth factor is supplied from a source other thanjust a fibroblast feeder layer, the medium supported the proliferationof stem cells in an undifferentiated state without feeder cells orconditioned medium.

In another example, US20050233446 discloses a defined media useful inculturing stem cells, including undifferentiated primate primordial stemcells. In solution, the media is substantially isotonic as compared tothe stem cells being cultured. In a given culture, the particular mediumcomprises a base medium and an amount of each of bFGF, insulin, andascorbic acid necessary to support substantially undifferentiated growthof the primordial stem cells.

In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,480 states “In one embodiment, acell culture medium for growing primate-derived primordial stem cells ina substantially undifferentiated state is provided which includes a lowosmotic pressure, low endotoxin basic medium that is effective tosupport the growth of primate-derived primordial stem cells. The basicmedium is combined with a nutrient serum effective to support the growthof primate-derived primordial stem cells and a substrate selected fromthe group consisting of feeder cells and an extracellular matrixcomponent derived from feeder cells. The medium further includesnon-essential amino acids, an anti-oxidant, and a first growth factorselected from the group consisting of nucleosides and a pyruvate salt.”

In another example, US20050244962 states: “In one aspect the inventionprovides a method of culturing primate embryonic stem cells. Onecultures the stem cells in a culture essentially free of mammalian fetalserum (preferably also essentially free of any animal serum) and in thepresence of fibroblast growth factor that is supplied from a sourceother than just a fibroblast feeder layer. In a preferred form, thefibroblast feeder layer, previously required to sustain a stem cellculture, is rendered unnecessary by the addition of sufficientfibroblast growth factor.”

In a further example, WO2005065354 discloses a defined, isotonic culturemedium that is essentially feeder-free and serum-free, comprising: a. abasal medium; b. an amount of bFGF sufficient to support growth ofsubstantially undifferentiated mammalian stem cells; c. an amount ofinsulin sufficient to support growth of substantially undifferentiatedmammalian stem cells; and d. an amount of ascorbic acid sufficient tosupport growth of substantially undifferentiated mammalian stem cells.

In another example, WO2005086845 discloses a method for maintenance ofan undifferentiated stem cell, said method comprising exposing a stemcell to a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) family ofproteins, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family ofproteins, or nicotinamide (NIC) in an amount sufficient to maintain thecell in an undifferentiated state for a sufficient amount of time toachieve a desired result.

The pluripotent stem cells may be plated onto a suitable culturesubstrate. In one embodiment, the suitable culture substrate is anextracellular matrix component, such as, for example, those derived frombasement membrane or that may form part of adhesion moleculereceptor-ligand couplings. In one embodiment, a the suitable culturesubstrate is MATRIGEL® (Becton Dickenson). MATRIGEL® is a solublepreparation from Engelbreth-Holm Swarm tumor cells that gels at roomtemperature to form a reconstituted basement membrane.

Other extracellular matrix components and component mixtures aresuitable as an alternative. Depending on the cell type beingproliferated, this may include laminin, fibronectin, proteoglycan,entactin, heparan sulfate, and the like, alone or in variouscombinations.

The pluripotent stem cells may be plated onto the substrate in asuitable distribution and in the presence of a medium that promotes cellsurvival, propagation, and retention of the desirable characteristics.All these characteristics benefit from careful attention to the seedingdistribution and can readily be determined by one of skill in the art.

Suitable culture media may be made from the following components, suchas, for example, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), Gibco#11965-092; Knockout Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (KO DMEM), Gibco#10829-018; Ham's F12/50% DMEM basal medium; 200 mM L-glutamine, Gibco#15039-027; non-essential amino acid solution, Gibco 11140-050;β-mercaptoethanol, Sigma #M7522; human recombinant basic fibroblastgrowth factor (bFGF), Gibco #13256-029.

Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells in to Cells Expressing MarkersCharacteristic of the Pancreatic Endocrine Lineage

Pluripotent stem cells suitable for use in the present inventioninclude, for example, the human embryonic stem cell line H9 (NIH code:WA09), the human embryonic stem cell line H1 (NIH code: WA01), the humanembryonic stem cell line H7 (NIH code: WA07), and the human embryonicstem cell line SA002 (Cellartis, Sweden). Also suitable for use in thepresent invention are cells that express at least one of the followingmarkers characteristic of pluripotent cells: ABCG2, cripto, CD9, FoxD3,Connexin43, Connexin45, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, hTERT, UTF-1, ZFP42, SSEA-3,SSEA-4, Tral-60, Tral-81.

Markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage are selectedfrom the group consisting of SOX-17, GATA4, Hnf-3beta, GSC, Cer1, Nodal,FGF8, Brachyury, Mix-like homeobox protein, FGF4 CD48, eomesodermin(EOMES), DKK4, FGF17, GATA6, CXCR4, C-Kit, CD99, and OTX2. Suitable foruse in the present invention is a cell that expresses at least one ofthe markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage. In oneaspect of the present invention, a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage is a primitive streakprecursor cell. In an alternate aspect, a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage is a mesendoderm cell.In an alternate aspect, a cell expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage is a definitive endoderm cell.

Markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage are selectedfrom the group consisting of Pdx1, HNF-1beta, PTF1a, HNF-6, HB9 andPROX1. Suitable for use in the present invention is a cell thatexpresses at least one of the markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage. In one aspect of the present invention, a cellexpressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage isa pancreatic endoderm cell.

Markers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage are selectedfrom the group consisting of NGN-3, NeuroD, Islet-1, Pdx-1, NKX6.1,Pax-4, and PTF-1 alpha. In one embodiment, a pancreatic endocrine cellis capable of expressing at least one of the following hormones:insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Suitablefor use in the present invention is a cell that expresses at least oneof the markers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage. Inone aspect of the present invention, a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage is a pancreaticendocrine cell. The pancreatic endocrine cell may be a pancreatichormone expressing cell. Alternatively, the pancreatic endocrine cellmay be a pancreatic hormone secreting cell.

In one aspect of the present invention, the pancreatic endocrine cell isa cell expressing markers characteristic of the β cell lineage. A cellexpressing markers characteristic of the β cell lineage expresses Pdx1and at least one of the following transcription factors: NGN-3, Nkx2.2,Nkx6.1, NeuroD, Is1-1, HNF-3 beta, MAFA, Pax4, and Pax6. In one aspectof the present invention, a cell expressing markers characteristic ofthe β cell lineage is a β cell.

Formation of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of the DefinitiveEndoderm Lineage

Pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage by any methodin the art or by any method proposed in this invention.

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineageaccording to the methods disclosed in D'Amour et al, NatureBiotechnology 23, 1534-1541 (2005).

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineageaccording to the methods disclosed in Shinozaki et al, Development 131,1651-1662 (2004).

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineageaccording to the methods disclosed in McLean et al, Stem Cells 25, 29-38(2007).

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineageaccording to the methods disclosed in D'Amour et al, NatureBiotechnology 24, 1392-1401 (2006).

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage byculturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin A inthe absence of serum, then culturing the cells with activin A and serum,and then culturing the cells with activin A and serum of a differentconcentration. An example of this method is disclosed in NatureBiotechnology 23, 1534-1541 (2005).

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage byculturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin A inthe absence of serum, then culturing the cells with activin A with serumof another concentration. An example of this method is disclosed inD'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2005.

For example, pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage byculturing the pluripotent stem cells in medium containing activin A anda Wnt ligand in the absence of serum, then removing the Wnt ligand andculturing the cells with activin A with serum. An example of this methodis disclosed in Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401 (2006).

In one aspect of the present invention, pluripotent stem cells may bedifferentiated into cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage by plating the pluripotent stem cells on atissue culture substrate coated with an extracellular matrix, thenculturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand ina first culture medium containing serum for a period of time, and thenculturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A in a second culturemedium containing a greater concentration of serum for about anotherperiod of time.

The concentration of serum in the first culture medium disclosed abovemay be from about zero to about 0.5 percent, and the culture time may befrom about one to about three days. The concentration of serum in thesecond culture medium disclosed above may be from about 0.5 percent toabout two percent, and the culture time may be from about one to aboutfour days.

In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, pluripotent stemcells may be differentiated into cells expressing markers characteristicof the definitive endoderm lineage by plating the pluripotent stem cellson a tissue culture substrate coated with an extracellular matrix, thenculturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand ina first culture medium containing serum for about a period of time, andthen culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wntligand in a second culture medium containing a greater concentration ofserum for another period of time.

The concentration of serum in the first culture medium disclosed abovemay be from about zero to about 0.5 percent, and the culture time may befrom about one to about three days. The concentration of serum in thesecond culture medium disclosed above may be from about 0.5 percent toabout two percent, and the culture time may be from about one to aboutfour days.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordifferentiating pluripotent stem cells expressing markers characteristicof the definitive endoderm lineage, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Plating the pluripotent stem cells on a tissue culture substrate    coated with an extracellular matrix, and-   b. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt    ligand.

Culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand maybe performed in a single culture medium. Alternatively, culturing thepluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt ligand may be performedseparately or together in more than one culture media. In oneembodiment, culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and aWnt ligand is performed in two culture media.

Extracellular Matrix

In one aspect of the present invention, the pluripotent stem cells arecultured and differentiated on a tissue culture substrate coated with anextracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix may be a solubilizedbasement membrane preparation extracted from mouse sarcoma cells (whichis sold by BD Biosciences under the trade name MATRIGEL). Alternatively,the extracellular matrix may be growth factor-reduced MATRIGEL.Alternatively, the extracellular matrix may fibronectin. In an alternateembodiment, the pluripotent stem cells are cultured and differentiatedon tissue culture substrate coated with human serum.

The extracellular matrix may be diluted prior to coating the tissueculture substrate. Examples of suitable methods for diluting theextracellular matrix and for coating the tissue culture substrate may befound in Kleinman, H. K., et al., Biochemistry 25:312 (1986), andHadley, M. A., et al., J. Cell. Biol. 101:1511 (1985).

In one embodiment, the extracellular matrix is MATRIGEL. In oneembodiment, the tissue culture substrate is coated with MATRIGEL at a1:10 dilution. In an alternate embodiment, the tissue culture substrateis coated with MATRIGEL at a 1:15 dilution. In an alternate embodiment,the tissue culture substrate is coated with MATRIGEL at a 1:30 dilution.In an alternate embodiment, the tissue culture substrate is coated withMATRIGEL at a 1:60 dilution.

In one embodiment, the extracellular matrix is growth factor-reducedMATRIGEL. In one embodiment, the tissue culture substrate is coated withgrowth factor-reduced MATRIGEL at a 1:10 dilution. In an alternateembodiment, the tissue culture substrate is coated with growthfactor-reduced MATRIGEL at a 1:15 dilution. In an alternate embodiment,the tissue culture substrate is coated with growth factor-reducedMATRIGEL at a 1:30 dilution. In an alternate embodiment, the tissueculture substrate is coated with growth factor-reduced MATRIGEL at a1:60 dilution.

Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cells Expressing MarkersCharacteristic of the Definitive Endoderm Lineage on an ExtracellularMatrix, Using a Single Culture Medium

When a single culture medium is used, it should contain sufficiently lowconcentrations of certain factors to allow the differentiation ofpluripotent stem cells to definitive endoderm, such as, for exampleinsulin and IGF (as disclosed in WO2006020919). This may be achieved bylowing the serum concentration, or alternatively, by using chemicallydefined media that lacks insulin and IGF. Examples of chemically definedmedia are disclosed in Wiles et at (Exp Cell Res. 1999 Feb. 25; 247(1):241-8.).

The culture medium may have a serum concentration in the range of about0% to about 10%. In an alternate embodiment, the concentration may be inthe range of about 0% to about 5%. In an alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be in the range of about 0% to about 2%. In analternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 2%.

The time of culturing with activin A and a Wnt ligand may range fromabout 1 day to about 7 days. In an alternate embodiment, the time ofculturing may range from about 1 day to about 3 days. In an alternateembodiment, the time of culturing may be about 3 days.

Activin A may be used at any concentration suitable to causedifferentiation of the pluripotent stem cells. The concentration maybefrom about 1 pg/ml to about 100 μg/ml. In an alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be about 1 pg/ml to about 1 ng/ml. In anotheralternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 1 pg/ml to about100 ng/ml. In another alternate embodiment, the concentration may beabout 50 ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml. In another alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be about 100 ng/ml.

The choice of the Wnt ligand may be optimized to improve the efficiencyof the differentiation process. The Wnt ligand may be selected from thegroup consisting of Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a. In one embodiment,the Wnt ligand is Wnt-1. In an alternate embodiment, the Wnt ligand isWnt-3a.

The Wnt ligand may be at a concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 1000ng/ml. In an alternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 10ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml.

The single culture medium may also contain a GSK-3B inhibitor. TheGSK-3B inhibitor may be selected from the group consisting of GSK-3Binhibitor IX and GSK-3B inhibitor XI. In one embodiment, the GSK-3Binhibitor is GSK-3B inhibitor IX.

When culturing pluripotent stem cells with a GSK-3B inhibitor, theconcentration of the GSK-3B inhibitor may be from about 1 nM to about1000 nM. In an alternate embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells arecultured with the GSK-3B inhibitor at a concentration of about 10 nM toabout 100 nM.

The single culture medium may also contain at least one other additionalfactor that may enhance the formation of cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage from pluripotent stemcells. Alternatively, the at least one other additional factor mayenhance the proliferation of the ells expressing markers characteristicof the definitive endoderm lineage formed by the methods of the presentinvention. Further, the at least one other additional factor may enhancethe ability of the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage formed by the methods of the presentinvention to form other cell types, or improve the efficiency of anyother additional differentiation steps.

The at least one additional factor may be, for example, nicotinamide,members of the TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, serum albumin,members of the fibroblast growth factor family, platelet-derived growthfactor-AA, and —BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I,II), growth differentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, 11), glucagonlike peptide-I and II (GLP-I and II), GLP-1 and GLP-2 mimetobody,Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, insulin, progesterone,aprotinin, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, beta mercaptoethanol, epidermalgrowth factor (EGF), gastrin I and II, copper chelators such as, forexample, triethylene pentamine, forskolin, Na-Butyrate, activin,betacellulin, ITS, noggin, neurite growth factor, nodal, valporic acid,trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),sphingosine 1, VEGF, MG132 (EMD, CA), N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco,CA), steroid alkaloid such as, for example, cyclopamine (EMD, CA),keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Dickkopf protein family, bovinepituitary extract, islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP), Indianhedgehog, sonic hedgehog, proteasome inhibitors, notch pathwayinhibitors, sonic hedgehog inhibitors, or combinations thereof.

The at least one other additional factor may be supplied by conditionedmedia obtained from pancreatic cells lines such as, for example, PANC-1(ATCC No: CRL-1469), CAPAN-1 (ATCC No: HTB-79), BxPC-3 (ATCC No:CRL-1687), HPAF-II (ATCC No: CRL-1997), hepatic cell lines such as, forexample, HepG2 (ATCC No: HTB-8065), intestinal cell lines such as, forexample, FHs 74 (ATCC No: CCL-241), and primary or transformedendothelial cells.

Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cells Expressing MarkersCharacteristic of the Definitive Endoderm Lineage on an ExtracellularMatrix, Using Two Culture Media

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cells of a definitiveendoderm lineage may be accomplished by culturing the pluripotent stemcells with activin A and a Wnt ligand using two culture media. Thus, thedifferentiation of the pluripotent stem cells may be accomplished asfollows:

-   a. Plating the pluripotent stem cells on a tissue culture substrate    coated with an extracellular matrix,-   b. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wnt    ligand in a first culture medium, and-   c. Culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A in a second    culture medium.

The first culture medium may contain serum at a low concentration, andthe second culture medium may contain serum at a higher concentrationthan the first culture medium.

The second culture medium may contain a Wnt ligand.

First Culture Medium:

The first culture medium should contain sufficiently low concentrationsof certain factors to allow the differentiation of pluripotent stemcells into cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitiveendoderm lineage, such as, for example insulin and IGF (as disclosed inWO2006020919). This may be achieved by lowing the serum concentration,or alternatively, by using chemically defined media that lacks insulinand IGF. Examples of chemically defined media are disclosed in Wiles etal (Exp Cell Res. 1999 Feb. 25; 247(1):241-8.).

In the first culture medium there may be a lower concentration of serum,relative to the second culture medium. Increasing the serumconcentration in the second culture medium increases the survival of thecells, or, alternatively, may enhance the proliferation of the cells.The serum concentration of the first medium may be in the range of about0% to about 10%. Alternatively, the serum concentration of the firstmedium may be in the range of about 0% to about 2%. Alternatively, theserum concentration of the first medium may be in the range of about 0%to about 1%. Alternatively, the serum concentration of the first mediummay be about 0.5%.

When culturing the pluripotent stem cells with activin A and a Wntligand using at least two culture media, the time of culturing in thefirst culture medium may range from about 1 day to about 3 days.

Activin A may be used at any concentration suitable to causedifferentiation of the pluripotent stem cells. The concentration maybefrom about 1 pg/ml to about 100 μg/ml. In an alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be about 1 pg/ml to about 1 ng/ml. In anotheralternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 1 pg/ml to about100 ng/ml. In another alternate embodiment, the concentration may beabout 50 ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml. In another alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be about 100 ng/ml.

The choice of the Wnt ligand may be optimized to improve the efficiencyof the differentiation process. The Wnt ligand may be selected from thegroup consisting of Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a. In one embodiment,the Wnt ligand is Wnt-1. In an alternate embodiment, the Wnt ligand isWnt-3a.

The Wnt ligand may be at a concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 1000ng/ml. In an alternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 10ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml.

The first culture medium may also contain a GSK-3B inhibitor. The GSK-3Binhibitor may be added to the first culture medium, to the secondculture medium, or to both the first and second culture media.

The GSK-3B inhibitor may be selected from the group consisting of GSK-3Binhibitor IX and GSK-3B inhibitor XI. In one embodiment, the GSK-3Binhibitor is GSK-3B inhibitor IX.

When culturing pluripotent stem cells with a GSK-3B inhibitor, theconcentration of the GSK-3B inhibitor may be from about 1 nM to about1000 nM. In an alternate embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells arecultured with the GSK-3B inhibitor at a concentration of about 10 nM toabout 100 nM.

The first culture medium may also contain at least one other additionalfactor that may enhance the formation of cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage from pluripotent stemcells. Alternatively, the at least one other additional factor mayenhance the proliferation of the cells expressing markers characteristicof the definitive endoderm lineage formed by the methods of the presentinvention. Further, the at least one other additional factor may enhancethe ability of the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage formed by the methods of the presentinvention to form other cell types, or improve the efficiency of anyother additional differentiation steps.

The at least one additional factor may be, for example, nicotinamide,members of TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, serum albumin,members of the fibroblast growth factor family, platelet-derived growthfactor-AA, and —BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I,II), growth differentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, 11), glucagonlike peptide-I and II (GLP-I and II), GLP-1 and GLP-2 mimetobody,Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, insulin, progesterone,aprotinin, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, beta mercaptoethanol, epidermalgrowth factor (EGF), gastrin I and II, copper chelators such as, forexample, triethylene pentamine, forskolin, Na-Butyrate, activin,betacellulin, ITS, noggin, neurite growth factor, nodal, valporic acid,trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),sphingosine-1, VEGF, MG132 (EMD, CA), N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco,CA), steroid alkaloid such as, for example, cyclopamine (EMD, CA),keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Dickkopf protein family, bovinepituitary extract, islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP), Indianhedgehog, sonic hedgehog, proteasome inhibitors, notch pathwayinhibitors, sonic hedgehog inhibitors, or combinations thereof.

The at least one other additional factor may be supplied by conditionedmedia obtained from pancreatic cells lines such as, for example, PANC-1(ATCC No: CRL-1469), CAPAN-1 (ATCC No: HTB-79), BxPC-3 (ATCC No:CRL-1687), HPAF-II (ATCC No: CRL-1997), hepatic cell lines such as, forexample, HepG2 (ATCC No: HTB-8065), and intestinal cell lines such as,for example, FHs 74 (ATCC No: CCL-241).

Second Culture Medium:

The second culture medium should contain certain factors, such as, forexample, insulin and IGF (as disclosed in WO2006020919), at a sufficientconcentration to promote the survival of the cultured cells. This may beachieved by increasing the serum concentration, or, alternatively, byusing chemically defined media where the concentrations of insulin andIGF are increased relative to the first culture medium. Examples ofchemically defined media are disclosed in Wiles et al (Exp Cell Res.1999 Feb. 25; 247(1):241-8.).

In a second culture medium having higher concentrations of serum, theserum concentration of the second culture medium may be in the rangeabout 0.5% to about 10%. Alternatively, the serum concentration of thesecond culture medium may be in the range of about 0.5% to about 5%.Alternatively, the serum concentration of the second culture medium maybe in the range of about 0.5% to about 2%. Alternatively, the serumconcentration of the second culture medium may be about 2%. Whenculturing pluripotent stem cells with the second culture medium, thetime of culturing may range from about 1 day to about 4 days.

Similar to the first culture medium, Activin A may be used at anyconcentration suitable to cause differentiation of the pluripotent stemcells. The concentration maybe from about 1 pg/ml to about 100 μg/ml. Inan alternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 1 pg/ml to about1 μg/ml. In another alternate embodiment, the concentration may be about1 pg/ml to about 100 ng/ml. In another alternate embodiment, theconcentration may be about 50 ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml. In anotheralternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 100 ng/ml.

The Wnt ligand may be at a concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 1000ng/ml. In an alternate embodiment, the concentration may be about 10ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml.

The Wnt ligand may be selected from the group consisting of Wnt-1,Wnt-3a, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a. In one embodiment, the Wnt ligand is Wnt-1.In an alternate embodiment, the Wnt ligand is Wnt-3a.

The second culture medium may also contain a GSK-3B inhibitor. TheGSK-3B inhibitor may be added to the first culture medium, to the secondculture medium, or to both the first and second culture media.

The GSK-3B inhibitor may be selected from the group consisting of GSK-3Binhibitor IX and GSK-3B inhibitor XI. In one embodiment, the GSK-3Binhibitor is GSK-3B inhibitor IX.

When culturing pluripotent stem cells with a GSK-3B inhibitor, theconcentration of the GSK-3B inhibitor may be from about 1 nM to about1000 nM. In an alternate embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells arecultured with the GSK-3B inhibitor at a concentration of about 10 nM toabout 100 nM.

Similar to the first culture medium, the second culture medium may alsocontain at least one other additional factor that may enhance theformation of cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitiveendoderm lineage from pluripotent stem cells. Alternatively, the atleast one other additional factor may enhance the proliferation of thecells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage formed by the methods of the present invention. Further, the atleast one other additional factor may enhance the ability of the cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineageformed by the methods of the present invention to form other cell types,or improve the efficiency of any other additional differentiation steps.

The at least one additional factor may be, for example, nicotinamide,members of TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, serum albumin,members of the fibroblast growth factor family, platelet-derived growthfactor-AA, and -BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I,II), growth differentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, 11), glucagonlike peptide-I and II (GLP-I and II), GLP-1 and GLP-2 mimetobody,Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, insulin, progesterone,aprotinin, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, beta mercaptoethanol, epidermalgrowth factor (EGF), gastrin I and II, copper chelators such as, forexample, triethylene pentamine, forskolin, Na-Butyrate, activin,betacellulin, ITS, noggin, neurite growth factor, nodal, valporic acid,trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),sphingosine-1, VEGF, MG132 (EMD, CA), N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco,CA), steroid alkaloid such as, for example, cyclopamine (EMD, CA),keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Dickkopf protein family, bovinepituitary extract, islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP), Indianhedgehog, sonic hedgehog, proteasome inhibitors, notch pathwayinhibitors, sonic hedgehog inhibitors, or combinations thereof.

The at least one other additional factor may be supplied by conditionedmedia obtained from pancreatic cells lines such as, for example, PANC-1(ATCC No: CRL-1469), CAPAN-1 (ATCC No: HTB-79), BxPC-3 (ATCC No:CRL-1687), HPAF-II (ATCC No: CRL-1997), hepatic cell lines such as, forexample, HepG2 (ATCC No: HTB-8065), and intestinal cell lines such as,for example, FHs 74 (ATCC No: CCL-241).

Differentiation of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of theDefinitive Endoderm Lineage

Formation of cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitiveendoderm lineage may be determined by testing for the presence of themarkers before and after following a particular protocol. Pluripotentstem cells typically do not express such markers. Thus, differentiationof pluripotent cells is detected when cells begin to express them.

The efficiency of differentiation may be determined by exposing atreated cell population to an agent (such as an antibody) thatspecifically recognizes a protein marker expressed by cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage.

Methods for assessing expression of protein and nucleic acid markers incultured or isolated cells are standard in the art. These includequantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),Northern blots, in situ hybridization (see, e.g., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 2001 supplement)), andimmunoassays such as immunohistochemical analysis of sectioned material,Western blotting, and for markers that are accessible in intact cells,flow cytometry analysis (FACS) (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress (1998)).

Examples of antibodies useful for detecting certain protein markers arelisted in Table IA. It should be noted that alternate antibodiesdirected to the same markers that are recognized by the antibodieslisted in Table IA are available, or can be readily developed. Suchalternate antibodies can also be employed for assessing expression ofmarkers in the cells isolated in accordance with the present invention.

For example, characteristics of pluripotent stem cells are well known tothose skilled in the art, and additional characteristics of pluripotentstem cells continue to be identified. Pluripotent stem cell markersinclude, for example, the expression of one or more of the following:ABCG2, cripto, FoxD3, Connexin43, Connexin45, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, hTERT,UTF-1, ZFP42, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tral-60, Tral-81.

After treating pluripotent stem cells with the methods of the presentinvention, the differentiated cells may be purified by exposing atreated cell population to an agent (such as an antibody) thatspecifically recognizes a protein marker, such as CXCR4, expressed bycells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage.

Formation of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of the PancreaticEndoderm Lineage

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage may be differentiated into cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage by any method in theart or by any method proposed in this invention.

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitiveendoderm lineage may be differentiated into cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage according to themethods disclosed in D'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401(2006).

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitiveendoderm lineage are further differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage, by treatingthe cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage with a fibroblast growth factor and the hedgehog signalingpathway inhibitor KAAD-cyclopamine, then removing the medium containingthe fibroblast growth factor and KAAD-cyclopamine and subsequentlyculturing the cells in medium containing retinoic acid, a fibroblastgrowth factor and KAAD-cyclopamine. An example of this method isdisclosed in Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401 (2006).

In one aspect of the present invention, cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage are furtherdifferentiated into cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage, by treating the cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage with retinoic acid andat least one fibroblast growth factor for a period of time. That periodof time may be from about one to about six days.

In an alternate aspect of the present invention, cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage are furtherdifferentiated into cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage, by treating the cells with retinoic acidfor a period of time. That period of time maybe from about one to aboutthree days. The retinoic acid is subsequently removed and the cells aretreated with at least one fibroblast growth factor for another period oftime. That period of time may be from about one to about three days.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordifferentiating cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers characteristicof the pancreatic endoderm lineage, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage, and-   b. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage with retinoic acid and at least one    fibroblast growth factor.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage using this method.

In one embodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm are treated with retinoic acid and at least onefibroblast growth factor for about one to about six days. In oneembodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm are treated with retinoic acid and at least onefibroblast growth factor for about six days.

The at least one fibroblast growth factor is selected from the groupconsisting of FGF-2, FGF-4 and FGF-10.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage using this method.\

In an alternate embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordifferentiating cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers characteristicof the pancreatic endoderm lineage, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage,-   b. Treating the cells expressing markers characteristic of the    definitive endoderm lineage treating the cells with retinoic acid,    and-   c. Removing the retinoic acid and subsequently treating the cells    with at least one fibroblast growth factor.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage using this method.

In one embodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm are treated with retinoic acid for about one toabout three days. In one embodiment, the cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm are treated with retinoic acidfor about three days. In one embodiment, the cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the definitive endoderm are treated with at least onefibroblast growth factor for about one to about three days. In oneembodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm are treated with at least one fibroblast growthfactor for about three days.

The at least one fibroblast growth factor is selected from the groupconsisting of FGF-2, FGF-4 and FGF-10.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage using this method. Inone embodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage are treated with retinoic acid.Alternatively, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thedefinitive endoderm lineage are treated with FGF-2, or alternativelyFGF-4, or alternatively FGF-10. In an alternate embodiment, the cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage aretreated with at least one of the following factors: retinoic acid,FGF-2, FGF-4 or FGF-10. In an alternate embodiment, the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage are treatedwith retinoic acid and at least one of the following fibroblast growthfactors: FGF-2, FGF-4 or FGF-10. In one embodiment, the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage are treatedwith retinoic acid and FGF-2. In another embodiment, the cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage aretreated with retinoic acid and FGF-4. In a further embodiment, the cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the definitive endoderm lineage aretreated with retinoic acid and FGF-10.

Retinoic acid may be used at a concentration from about 1 nM to about 1mM. In one embodiment, retinoic acid is used at a concentration of 1 μM.

FGF-2 may be used at a concentration from about 50 pg/ml to about 50μg/ml. In one embodiment, FGF-2 is used at a concentration of 50 ng/ml.

FGF-4 may be used at a concentration from about 50 pg/ml to about 50μg/ml. In one embodiment, FGF-4 is used at a concentration of 50 ng/ml.

FGF-10 may be used at a concentration from about 50 pg/ml to about 50μg/ml. In one embodiment, FGF-10 is used at a concentration of 50 ng/ml.

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the definitive endodermlineage may be treated with at least one other additional factor thatmay enhance the formation of cells expressing markers characteristic ofthe pancreatic endoderm lineage. Alternatively, the at least one otheradditional factor may enhance the proliferation of the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage formed by themethods of the present invention. Further, the at least one otheradditional factor may enhance the ability of the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage formed by themethods of the present invention to form other cell types, or improvethe efficiency of any other additional differentiation steps.

The at least one additional factor may be, for example, nicotinamide,members of TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, serum albumin,members of the fibroblast growth factor family, platelet-derived growthfactor-AA, and -BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I,II), growth differentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, 11), glucagonlike peptide-I and II (GLP-I and II), GLP-1 and GLP-2 mimetobody,Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, insulin, progesterone,aprotinin, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, beta mercaptoethanol, epidermalgrowth factor (EGF), gastrin I and II, copper chelators such as, forexample, triethylene pentamine, forskolin, Na-Butyrate, activin,betacellulin, ITS, noggin, neurite growth factor, nodal, valporic acid,trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),sphingosine-1, VEGF, MG132 (EMD, CA), N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco,CA), steroid alkaloid such as, for example, cyclopamine (EMD, CA),keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Dickkopf protein family, bovinepituitary extract, islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP), Indianhedgehog, sonic hedgehog, proteasome inhibitors, notch pathwayinhibitors, sonic hedgehog inhibitors, or combinations thereof.

The at least one other additional factor may be supplied by conditionedmedia obtained from pancreatic cells lines such as, for example, PANC-1(ATCC No: CRL-1469), CAPAN-1 (ATCC No: HTB-79), BxPC-3 (ATCC No:CRL-1687), HPAF-II (ATCC No: CRL-1997), hepatic cell lines such as, forexample, HepG2 (ATCC No: HTB-8065), and intestinal cell lines such as,for example, FHs 74 (ATCC No: CCL-241).

Detection of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of the PancreaticEndoderm Lineage

Markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage are well knownto those skilled in the art, and additional markers characteristic ofthe pancreatic endoderm lineage continue to be identified. These markerscan be used to confirm that the cells treated in accordance with thepresent invention have differentiated to acquire the propertiescharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage. Pancreatic endodermlineage specific markers include the expression of one or moretranscription factors such as, for example, Hlxb9, PTF-1a, PDX-1, HNF-6,HNF-1beta.

The efficiency of differentiation may be determined by exposing atreated cell population to an agent (such as an antibody) thatspecifically recognizes a protein marker expressed by cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage.

Methods for assessing expression of protein and nucleic acid markers incultured or isolated cells are standard in the art. These includequantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),Northern blots, in situ hybridization (see, e.g., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 2001 supplement)), andimmunoassays such as immunohistochemical analysis of sectioned material,Western blotting, and for markers that are accessible in intact cells,flow cytometry analysis (FACS) (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress (1998)).

Examples of antibodies useful for detecting certain protein markers arelisted in Table IA. It should be noted that alternate antibodiesdirected to the same markers that are recognized by the antibodieslisted in Table IA are available, or can be readily developed. Suchalternate antibodies can also be employed for assessing expression ofmarkers in the cells isolated in accordance with the present invention.

Formation of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of the PancreaticEndocrine Lineage

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage may be differentiated into cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage by any method in theart or by any method disclosed in this invention.

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage may be differentiated into cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage according to themethods disclosed in D'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401(2006).

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage are further differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage, by culturingthe cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage in medium containing DAPT and exendin 4, then removing themedium containing DAPT and exendin 4 and subsequently culturing thecells in medium containing exendin 1, IGF-1 and HGF. An example of thismethod is disclosed in Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401 (2006).

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage are further differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage, by culturingthe cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage in medium containing exendin 4, then removing the mediumcontaining exendin 4 and subsequently culturing the cells in mediumcontaining exendin 1, IGF-1 and HGF. An example of this method isdisclosed in D'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2006.

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage are further differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage, by culturingthe cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage in medium containing DAPT and exendin 4. An example of thismethod is disclosed in D'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2006.

For example, cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreaticendoderm lineage are further differentiated into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage, by culturingthe cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage in medium containing exendin 4. An example of this method isdisclosed in D'Amour et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2006.

In one aspect of the present invention, cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage are furtherdifferentiated into cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endocrine lineage, by treating the cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage with a factor thatinhibits the Notch signaling pathway. The factor that inhibits the Notchsignaling pathway may be an antagonist for the Notch extracellularreceptor. Alternatively, the factor may inhibit the biological activityof the Notch receptor. Alternatively, the factor may inhibit or be anantagonist of an element in the Notch signal transduction pathway withina cell.

In one embodiment the factor that inhibits the Notch signaling pathwayis a γ-secretase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the γ-secretase inhibitoris1S-Benzyl-4R-[1-(1S-carbamoyl-2-phenethylcarbamoyl)-1S-3-methylbutylcarbamoyl]-2R-hydrozy-5-phenylpentyl]carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester, also known as L-685,458.

L-685,458 may be used at a concentration from about 0.1 μM to about 100μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 90μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 80μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 70μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 60μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 50μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 40μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 30μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 20μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 10μM.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordifferentiating cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers characteristicof the pancreatic endocrine lineage, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage, and-   b. Treating the cells with a factor that inhibits the Notch    signaling pathway.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage using this method.

In one embodiment, factor that inhibits the Notch signaling pathway is aγ-secretase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the γ-secretase inhibitor is1S-Benzyl-4R-[1-(1S-carbamoyl-2-phenethylcarbamoyl)-1S-3-methylbutylcarbamoyl]-2R-hydrozy-5-phenylpentyl]carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester, also known as L-685,458.

The cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage are treated with the factor that inhibits the Notch signalingpathway for about one to about five days. Alternatively, the cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage aretreated with the factor that inhibits the Notch signaling pathway forabout three to about five days. Alternatively, the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage are treatedwith the factor that inhibits the Notch signaling pathway for about fivedays.

In one embodiment, factor that inhibits the Notch signaling pathway is aγ-secretase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the γ-secretase inhibitor is1S-Benzyl-4R-[1-(1S-carbamoyl-2-phenethylcarbamoyl)-1S-3-methylbutylcarbamoyl]-2R-hydrozy-5-phenylpentyl]carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester, also known as L-685,458.

L-685,458 may be used at a concentration from about 0.1 μM to about 100μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 90μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 80μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 70μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 60μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 50μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 40μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 30μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 20μM. In one embodiment, L-685,458 is used at a concentration of about 10μM.

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage may be treated with at least one other additional factor thatmay enhance the formation of cells expressing markers characteristic ofthe pancreatic endocrine lineage. Alternatively, the at least one otheradditional factor may enhance the proliferation of the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage formed by themethods of the present invention. Further, the at least one otheradditional factor may enhance the ability of the cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage formed by themethods of the present invention to form other cell types, or improvethe efficiency of any other additional differentiation steps.

The at least one additional factor may be, for example, nicotinamide,members of TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, serum albumin,members of the fibroblast growth factor family, platelet-derived growthfactor-AA, and -BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I,II), growth differentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, 11), glucagonlike peptide-I and II (GLP-I and II), GLP-1 and GLP-2 mimetobody,Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, insulin, progesterone,aprotinin, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, beta mercaptoethanol, epidermalgrowth factor (EGF), gastrin I and II, copper chelators such as, forexample, triethylene pentamine, forskolin, Na-Butyrate, activin,betacellulin, ITS, noggin, neurite growth factor, nodal, valporic acid,trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),sphingosine-1, VEGF, MG132 (EMD, CA), N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco,CA), steroid alkaloid such as, for example, cyclopamine (EMD, CA),keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Dickkopf protein family, bovinepituitary extract, islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP), Indianhedgehog, sonic hedgehog, proteasome inhibitors, notch pathwayinhibitors, sonic hedgehog inhibitors, or combinations thereof.

The at least one other additional factor may be supplied by conditionedmedia obtained from pancreatic cells lines such as, for example, PANC-1(ATCC No: CRL-1469), CAPAN-1 (ATCC No: HTB-79), BxPC-3 (ATCC No:CRL-1687), HPAF-II (ATCC No: CRL-1997), hepatic cell lines such as, forexample, HepG2 (ATCC No: HTB-8065), and intestinal cell lines such as,for example, FHs 74 (ATCC No: CCL-241).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an improved method fordifferentiating cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage into cells expressing markers characteristicof the pancreatic endocrine lineage, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Culturing cells expressing markers characteristic of the    pancreatic endoderm lineage, and-   b. Treating the cells with a factor capable of differentiating cells    expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage    into cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic    endocrine lineage, in medium containing glucose at a concentration    from about 10 mM to about 20 mM.

Any cell expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage is suitable for differentiating into a cell expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage using this method.

Any method capable of differentiating cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage into cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage is suitablefor the improvement of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the cells expressing markers characteristic of thepancreatic endoderm lineage are treated in a medium containing glucoseat a concentration of about 10 mM. In an alternate embodiment, the cellsare treated in a medium containing glucose at a concentration of about20 mM.

Cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage are treated for about 2 to about 30 days. In one embodimentcells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage are treated for about 2 to about 20 days. In one embodiment,cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage are treated for about 2 to about 10 days. In one embodiment,cells expressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endodermlineage are treated for about 10 days. In one embodiment, cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage aretreated for about 4 days. In one embodiment, cells expressing markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage are treated for about2 days.

Detection of Cells Expressing Markers Characteristic of the PancreaticEndocrine Lineage

Markers characteristic of cells of the pancreatic endocrine lineage arewell known to those skilled in the art, and additional markerscharacteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage continue to beidentified. These markers can be used to confirm that the cells treatedin accordance with the present invention have differentiated to acquirethe properties characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage.Pancreatic endocrine lineage specific markers include the expression ofone or more transcription factors such as, for example, NGN-3, NeuroD,Islet-1.

Markers characteristic of cells of the β cell lineage are well known tothose skilled in the art, and additional markers characteristic of the βcell lineage continue to be identified. These markers can be used toconfirm that the cells treated in accordance with the present inventionhave differentiated to acquire the properties characteristic of theβ-cell lineage. β cell lineage specific characteristics include theexpression of one or more transcription factors such as, for example,Pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1), Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, Isl1,Pax6, Pax4, NeuroD, Hnf1b, Hnf-6, Hnf-3beta, and MafA, among others.These transcription factors are well established in the art foridentification of endocrine cells. See, e.g., Edlund (Nature ReviewsGenetics 3: 524-632 (2002)).

The efficiency of differentiation may be determined by exposing atreated cell population to an agent (such as an antibody) thatspecifically recognizes a protein marker expressed by cells expressingmarkers characteristic of the pancreatic endocrine lineage.Alternatively, the efficiency of differentiation may be determined byexposing a treated cell population to an agent (such as an antibody)that specifically recognizes a protein marker expressed by cellsexpressing markers characteristic of the β cell lineage.

Methods for assessing expression of protein and nucleic acid markers incultured or isolated cells are standard in the art. These includequantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),Northern blots, in situ hybridization (see, e.g., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 2001 supplement)), andimmunoassays such as immunohistochemical analysis of sectioned material,Western blotting, and for markers that are accessible in intact cells,flow cytometry analysis (FACS) (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress (1998)).

Examples of antibodies useful for detecting certain protein markers arelisted in Table IA. It should be noted that alternate antibodiesdirected to the same markers that are recognized by the antibodieslisted in Table IA are available, or can be readily developed. Suchalternate antibodies can also be employed for assessing expression ofmarkers in the cells isolated in accordance with the present invention.

Therapies

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating apatient suffering from, or at risk of developing, Type1 diabetes. Thismethod involves culturing pluripotent stem cells, differentiating thepluripotent stem cells in vitro into a β-cell lineage, and implantingthe cells of a β-cell lineage into a patient.

In yet another aspect, this invention provides a method for treating apatient suffering from, or at risk of developing, Type 2 diabetes. Thismethod involves culturing pluripotent stem cells, differentiating thecultured cells in vitro into a β-cell lineage, and implanting the cellsof a β-cell lineage into the patient.

If appropriate, the patient can be further treated with pharmaceuticalagents or bioactives that facilitate the survival and function of thetransplanted cells. These agents may include, for example, insulin,members of the TGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, bonemorphogenic proteins (BMP-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -11, -12, and -13),fibroblast growth factors-1 and -2, platelet-tderived growth factor-AA,and —BB, platelet rich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I, II) growthdifferentiation factor (GDF-5, -6, -7, -8, -10, -15), vascularendothelial cell-derived growth factor (VEGF), pleiotrophin, endothelin,among others. Other pharmaceutical compounds can include, for example,nicotinamide, glucagon like peptide-I (GLP-1) and II, GLP-1 and 2mimetibody, Exendin-4, retinoic acid, parathyroid hormone, MAPKinhibitors, such as, for example, compounds disclosed in U.S. PublishedApplication 2004/0209901 and U.S. Published Application 2004/0132729.

The pluripotent stem cells may be differentiated into aninsulin-producing cell prior to transplantation into a recipient. In aspecific embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells are fully differentiatedinto β-cells, prior to transplantation into a recipient. Alternatively,the pluripotent stem cells may be transplanted into a recipient in anundifferentiated or partially differentiated state. Furtherdifferentiation may take place in the recipient.

Definitive endoderm cells or, alternatively, pancreatic endoderm cells,or, alternatively, 0 cells, may be implanted as dispersed cells orformed into clusters that may be infused into the hepatic portal vein.Alternatively, cells may be provided in biocompatible degradablepolymeric supports, porous non-degradable devices or encapsulated toprotect from host immune response. Cells may be implanted into anappropriate site in a recipient. The implantation sites include, forexample, the liver, natural pancreas, renal subcapsular space, omentum,peritoneum, subserosal space, intestine, stomach, or a subcutaneouspocket.

To enhance further differentiation, survival or activity of theimplanted cells, additional factors, such as growth factors,antioxidants or anti-inflammatory agents, can be administered before,simultaneously with, or after the administration of the cells. Incertain embodiments, growth factors are utilized to differentiate theadministered cells in vivo. These factors can be secreted by endogenouscells and exposed to the administered cells in situ. Implanted cells canbe induced to differentiate by any combination of endogenous andexogenously administered growth factors known in the art.

The amount of cells used in implantation depends on a number of variousfactors including the patient's condition and response to the therapy,and can be determined by one skilled in the art.

In one aspect, this invention provides a method for treating a patientsuffering from, or at risk of developing diabetes. This method involvesculturing pluripotent stem cells, differentiating the cultured cells invitro into a β-cell lineage, and incorporating the cells into athree-dimensional support. The cells can be maintained in vitro on thissupport prior to implantation into the patient. Alternatively, thesupport containing the cells can be directly implanted in the patientwithout additional in vitro culturing. The support can optionally beincorporated with at least one pharmaceutical agent that facilitates thesurvival and function of the transplanted cells.

Support materials suitable for use for purposes of the present inventioninclude tissue templates, conduits, barriers, and reservoirs useful fortissue repair. In particular, synthetic and natural materials in theform of foams, sponges, gels, hydrogels, textiles, and nonwovenstructures, which have been used in vitro and in vivo to reconstruct orregenerate biological tissue, as well as to deliver chemotactic agentsfor inducing tissue growth, are suitable for use in practicing themethods of the present invention. See, for example, the materialsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,417, U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,743, U.S. Pat.No. 5,567,612, U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,830, U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,950, U.S.Pat. No. 6,534,084, U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,424, U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,149,U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,323, U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,488, U.S. PublishedApplication 2004/0062753 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,264 and U.S. Pat. No.6,333,029.

To form a support incorporated with a pharmaceutical agent, thepharmaceutical agent can be mixed with the polymer solution prior toforming the support. Alternatively, a pharmaceutical agent could becoated onto a fabricated support, preferably in the presence of apharmaceutical carrier. The pharmaceutical agent may be present as aliquid, a finely divided solid, or any other appropriate physical form.Alternatively, excipients may be added to the support to alter therelease rate of the pharmaceutical agent. In an alternate embodiment,the support is incorporated with at least one pharmaceutical compoundthat is an anti-inflammatory compound, such as, for example compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,369.

The support may be incorporated with at least one pharmaceuticalcompound that is an anti-apoptotic compound, such as, for example,compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,945.

The support may also be incorporated with at least one pharmaceuticalcompound that is an inhibitor of fibrosis, such as, for example,compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,298.

The support may also be incorporated with at least one pharmaceuticalcompound that is capable of enhancing angiogenesis, such as, forexample, compounds disclosed in U.S. Published Application 2004/0220393and U.S. Published Application 2004/0209901.

The support may also be incorporated with at least one pharmaceuticalcompound that is an immunosuppressive compound, such as, for example,compounds disclosed in U.S. Published Application 2004/0171623.

The support may also be incorporated with at least one pharmaceuticalcompound that is a growth factor, such as, for example, members of theTGF-β family, including TGF-β1, 2, and 3, bone morphogenic proteins(BMP-2, -3,-4, -5, -6, -7, -11, -12, and -13), fibroblast growthfactors-1 and -2, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, and -BB, plateletrich plasma, insulin growth factor (IGF-I, II) growth differentiationfactor (GDF-5, -6, -8, -10, -15), vascular endothelial cell-derivedgrowth factor (VEGF), pleiotrophin, endothelin, among others. Otherpharmaceutical compounds can include, for example, nicotinamide, hypoxiainducible factor 1-alpha, glucagon like peptide-I (GLP-1), GLP-1 andGLP-2 mimetibody, and II, Exendin-4, nodal, noggin, NGF, retinoic acid,parathyroid hormone, tenascin-C, tropoelastin, thrombin-derivedpeptides, cathelicidins, defensins, laminin, biological peptidescontaining cell- and heparin-binding domains of adhesive extracellularmatrix proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin, MAPK inhibitors,such as, for example, compounds disclosed in U.S. Published Application2004/0209901 and U.S. Published Application 2004/0132729.

The incorporation of the cells of the present invention into a scaffoldcan be achieved by the simple depositing of cells onto the scaffold.Cells can enter into the scaffold by simple diffusion (J. Pediatr. Surg.23 (1 Pt 2): 3-9 (1988)). Several other approaches have been developedto enhance the efficiency of cell seeding. For example, spinner flaskshave been used in seeding of chondrocytes onto polyglycolic acidscaffolds (Biotechnol. Prog. 14(2): 193-202 (1998)). Another approachfor seeding cells is the use of centrifugation, which yields minimumstress to the seeded cells and enhances seeding efficiency. For example,Yang et al. developed a cell seeding method (J. Biomed. Mater. Res.55(3): 379-86 (2001)), referred to as Centrifugational CellImmobilization (CCI).

The present invention is further illustrated, but not limited by, thefollowing examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture

The human embryonic stem cell lines H1, H7 and H9 were obtained fromWiCell Research Institute, Inc., (Madison, Wis.) and cultured accordingto instructions provided by the source institute. Briefly, cells werecultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells in ES cellmedium consisting of DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen/GIBCO) supplemented with 20%knockout serum replacement, 100 nM MEM nonessential amino acids, 0.5 mMbetamercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine with 4 ng/ml human basicfibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (all from Invitrogen/GIBCO). MEF cells,derived from E13 to 13.5 mouse embryos, were purchased from CharlesRiver. MEF cells were expanded in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS(Hyclone), 2 mM glutamine, and 100 mM MEM nonessential amino acids.Sub-confluent MEF cell cultures were treated with 10 μg/ml mitomycin C(Sigma, MO) for 3 h to arrest cell division, then trypsinized and platedat 2×10⁴/cm² on 0.1% bovine gelatin-coated dishes. MEF cells frompassage two through four were used as feeder layers. Human embryonicstem cells plated on MEF cell feeder layers were cultured at 37° C. inan atmosphere of 5% CO₂ within a humidified tissue culture incubator.When confluent (approximately 5-7 days after plating), human embryonicstem cells were treated with 1 mg/ml collagenase type IV(Invitrogen/GIBCO) for 5-10 min and then gently scraped off the surfaceusing a 5-ml pipette. Cells were spun at 900 rpm for 5 min, and thepellet was resuspended and re-plated at a 1:3 to 1:4 ratio of cells infresh culture medium.

Example 2 Formation of Definitive Endoderm Cells

The effects of activin A on the expression of markers of definitiveendoderm were examined. Activin A (100 ng/ml) was added to populationsof human embryonic stem cells cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts.Cells were cultured continuously in the presence of activin A andharvested at the times indicated. The level of expression of definitiveendoderm markers was examined by PCR (FIG. 1), FACS (results summarizedin Table II), and immunohistochemistry (FIG. 2).

Activin A evoked a time-dependent increase in the expression of CXCR4,GATA4, HNF-3beta, Mixl1 and Sox-17 mRNA in the H9 line (FIG. 1, panela). A significant up regulation of anterior endoderm markers, Cerberus,Otx-1 and Hex genes was also observed (FIG. 1, panel b). An increase inCXCR4 protein was observed by FACS analysis following activin Atreatment. The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin did not changefollowing activin A treatment (Table HA). CXCR4 positive cells were alsohighly positive for C-kit, EPCAM, CD99, and negative for CD9. Theexpression pattern for these markers was consistent among all three hEScell lines examined (Table IIB for H7 and Table IIC for H1).Immunocytochemistry conducted on cells treated with activin A for fivedays revealed that 30-40% cells in the treated culture were positive forSox17 and HNF-3beta. In parallel, almost 100% of the differentiatedcells were still Oct4 positive (FIG. 2). With the decrease in expressionof surface markers of pluripotency, combined with an increase in theexpression of definitive endoderm markers, these data suggest thatactivin A promotes the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells todefinitive endoderm.

Example 3 Formation of Pancreatic Endoderm Cells

Growth factors known to induce the differentiation of human embryonicstem cells to pancreatic endoderm were added to cell cultures. Inparticular, activin A, bFGF, and retinoic acid, known to induce theformation of pancreatic endoderm, were added to cell cultures.

In a first series of experiments, activin A, was added to populations ofhuman embryonic stem cells cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts forup to seven days in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 0% to 2% serum andActivin A (100 ng/ml). Cells were harvested at the time points indicatedin FIG. 3 and assayed by PCR for the expression of genes shown (FIGS. 3,4 and 5). In FIG. 3, PCR analysis indicated that activin treated cellsexpressed a broad spectrum of genes associated with endodermdevelopment, including GATA4 (FIG. 3, panel a), Sox-17 (FIG. 3, panelb), HNF-3beta (FIG. 3, panel c), and Mix1-1 (FIG. 3, panel d). However,no Pdx1 gene expression was observed. The same expression pattern ofendoderm lineage markers was observed in Activin A treated H7 cells(FIG. 6, panels a to f). At this stage, there was no significantdecrease of Oct4 expression.

Activin A evoked a time-dependent decrease in the expression of theextraembryonic endoderm markers Sox7 (FIG. 4, panel a) and AFP (FIG. 4,panel b). Activin A decreased the expression of Brachyury (FIG. 5, panela) but had no effect on expression of the neuronal marker Zic1 (FIG. 5,panel b).

Taken together, these data suggest that the increased expression ofSox-17, Mixl1, Gata4, and HNF-3beta together with the up regulation ofanterior endoderm markers Otx1, Cer1 and Hex genes, corresponds to theformation of definitive endoderm in response to activin A treatment.Analysis of definitive endoderm markers by immunocytochemistry revealedthat protein expression for these genes also reflected the trendsobserved in mRNA expression. Levels of expression for HNF-3beta, Sox-17,and GATA4 were low in untreated cells, approximately 10 to 20% of allcells. Activin A (100 ng/ml) treatment for five days increased theexpression of HNF-3beta, Sox-17, and GATA4 to approximately 50% to 90%of all cells (FIG. 7).

In a second series of experiments, cultures of human embryonic stemcells were maintained in undifferentiated culture conditions for 2-3days according to the methods described in Example 1. After the cellswere 70-80% confluent, the medium was changed to DMEM/F12 with 0 to 2%FBS with addition of activin A at 100 ng/ml and cultured in the presenceof activin A for either three, five, or seven days. After this timeinterval, the cells were then further treated for five to six days withcombinations of retinoic acid and bFGF as shown in FIG. 8. Cultures wereharvested and samples of mRNA were collected for analysis. Controlcultures consisting of cells treated with activin A alone for five dayswere also included.

Gene expression analysis revealed that activin A or retinoic acid alonedid not induce the expression of Pdx1. Similar results were observed incultures of cells treated with retinoic acid in combination with FGF andin the presence of activin A (FIG. 8, panel a). However, treatment ofcells with retinoic acid and FGF in the absence of activin A increasedthe expression of Pdx1 still further (FIG. 8, panel a). Cells treatedfor three days with activin A, then treated for 5 days with 1 μMretinoic acid and 50 ng/ml bFGF (also known as FGF-2) in the absence ofactivin A showed a level of Pdx1 expression that was approximately3500-fold higher than that observed in samples with activin A treatmentalone for 5 days (FIG. 8, panel a). Immunocytochemistry showed that 5 to20% of all cells expressed Pdx1 (FIG. 9).

Treatment with 1 μM retinoic acid and bFGF in the absence of activin Aalso caused an increase in the expression of GLUT-2 and PTF1a (FIG. 8,panel c) that was not observed in cells treated in the presence ofactivin A alone. The largest increase in expression of GLUT-2 and PTF1awas observed in cells treated with 1 μM retinoic acid and 50 ng/ml bFGF.Taken together, these data suggest that the formation of pancreaticendoderm is further enhanced by removal of activin A from cell culturesafter definitive endoderm has been formed.

Example 4 Formation of Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Cultures of human embryonic stem cells were maintained inundifferentiated culture conditions for 3-4 days according to themethods described in Example 1. After the cells were 50-60% confluent,the medium was changed to DMEM/F12 without FBS, containing activin A at100 ng/ml, and the cells were cultured in this medium for one day.Following the one day culture, the medium was removed and replaced withmedium containing 0.5% FBS with 100 ng/ml activin A, and the cells werecultured for one day. Following the second one-day culture, the mediumwas removed and replaced with medium containing 2% FBS with 100 ng/mlactivin A, and the cells were cultured for one day. After this timeinterval, the cells were then treated for six days with combinations ofretinoic acid and FGF as outlined in Example 2, then the culture mediumwas removed and replaced with medium comprising DMEM/F12 with 2% FBS,containing the γ-secretase inhibitors L-685,458 at 10 μM for three days.Cultures were harvested and samples of mRNA were collected for analysis.Control cultures consisting of cells treated with activin A alone forfive days were also included.

Gene expression analysis revealed that activin A alone or in combinationwith retinoic acid and FGFs did not induce the expression of Ngn3 orinsulin (FIG. 10, panel a, c). A decrease in the expression of Hes-1 wasalso observed following treatment with L-685,458. The maximal inhibitionwas observed on day three post treatment (FIG. 10, panel d). However,treatment of cells with L-685,458 induced the expression of Ngn3 to alevel approximately 50-fold higher than that observed in samples treatedwith activin A alone or retinoic acid with FGFs in combination. A70-fold increase of insulin expression was observed in samples treatedwith the γ-secretase inhibitor. NeuroD1 expression was also increasedfurther by the L-685,458 treatment (FIG. 10, panel a). Taken together,these data suggest that the formation of endocrine cells is furtherenhanced by removal of retinoic acid and FGFs from cell culture and theaddition of γ-secretase inhibitors after pancreatic endoderm has beenformed.

Example 5 Formation of Pancreatic Endocrine Cells Expressing Nkx2.2

Definitive endoderm cells obtained according to the methods outlined inExample 2 were treated as follows: Cells were cultured in basal medium,comprising DMEM/F12 with 2% FBS plus 50 ng/ml activin A, 50 ng/ml basicFGF and 1 μM of Retinoic Acid for 3 to 5 days. Cells were continuouslycultured for another 3 to 5 days in basal medium with retinoic acid at 1μM, alone or with bFGF. RNA samples were harvested from cells at varioustime points along this process to help evaluate the directeddifferentiation of the cells. Furthermore, culture medium and factorswere regularly removed and replenished throughout the differentiationprotocol. Addition of activin A showed an increase of Nkx2.2 expressionabout 35-fold compared to samples without activin A. Samples treatedwith activin A for the first three days of culture maintained Pdx1expression at a level similar to samples containing no activin A (FIG.11). Taken together, these data suggest that the expression of thepancreatic endocrine marker Nkx2.2 is further enhanced by adding ActivinA to the first three days of retinoic acid and bFGF treatment.

Example 6 Passage and Expansion of Pancreatic Endoderm Cells in Culture

This example demonstrates that pancreatic endoderm cells derived fromhuman embryonic stem cells herein can be maintained in cell culture andpassaged without further differentiation. Pancreatic endoderm cells weredifferentiated in the presence of 100 ng/ml activin A in low serumDMEM/F12. The low serum DMEM/F12 contained 0% (v/v) fetal bovine serum(FBS) on day 1, 0.5% (v/v) FBS on day two and 2% (v/v) FBS on each daythereafter. After four days of differentiation, the cells were culturedin low serum DMEM/F12 contained 2% (v/v) FBS, 1 μM retinoic acid and 50ng/ml bFGF for a total of six more days. After the six days ofdifferentiation, the cells were maintained in culture in low serumDMEM/F12 contained 2% (v/v) FBS in the presence of 50 ng/ml FGF10 for atotal of 6 days. During the six-day culture period, the pancreaticendoderm cells were passaged twice and cell population-doubling time isabout 36 to 48 hours during this 6-day culture. On days 0, 3, and 6 ofculture, Q-PCR was used to measure the expression of marker genesindicative of pancreatic endoderm. FIG. 12 shows that cells grown in thepresence of 50 ng/ml FGF10 maintained expression of the pancreaticendoderm marker Pdx1 during the 6 day culture period subsequent to theirderivation.

Example 7 Derivation of Hepatocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Cultures of human embryonic stem cells were maintained inundifferentiated culture conditions for 2-3 days according to themethods described in Example 1. After cells were 70-80% confluent, themedium was changed to DMEM/F12 with 2% FBS containing activin A at 100ng/ml, and cells were cultured in the presence of activin A for sevendays. After 7 days treatment with activin A, the cells were then treatedfor five days with the conditions shown in FIG. 13. After this time, thecells were harvested, and samples of mRNA were collected for analysis.

An increase in the expression of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin wasobserved (FIG. 13, panel a) for cells cultured in the absence of activinA. This was further increased by retinoic acid and FGF-4 (FIG. 13, panelb). Taken together, these data suggest that cultures of human embryonicstem cells are capable of expressing hepatocyte markers following thetreatment described above. Furthermore, human embryonic stem cells arecapable of being differentiated into cells expressing markers that arecharacteristic of hepatocytes.

Example 8 Characterization of the H9 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line

The quality of H9 cells was monitored over time by evaluating expressionof several markers expressed by undifferentiated ES cells (Carpenter etal., 2001; Reubinoff et al., 2000; Thomson et al., 1998a). H9 cellsexhibited reciprocal expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens(Table III). H9 cells play strong immunoreactivity for SSEA-3, SSEA-4,Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, AP and CD9 antigens, all of which are characteristicof undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells.

Real-Time PCR was performed to assess the expression of genescharacteristic of embryonic stem cells, such as, for example, OCT3/4,SOX-2, UTF-1, REX-1, Cx43, Cx45, ABCG-2 and TERT, confirming that thecells grown in this example appeared similar to previously describedundifferentiated embryonic stem cells (Table III). OCT3/4 proteinexpression and Alkaline Phosphatase activity (Chemicon) were confirmedby immunostaining A majority of H9 cells were positive for OCT3/4 and AP(FIG. 14). Overall, these results demonstrate that the H9 cells used inthis example were not significantly different in morphology, antigenimmunostaining, or pluripotency marker expression when compared toreports from other laboratories.

Example 9 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Analysis

Adhered cells were removed from culture plates by five-minute incubationwith TrypLE™ Express solution (Invitrogen, CA). Released cells wereresuspended in human embryonic stem cell culture medium and recovered bycentrifugation, followed by washing and resuspending the cells in astaining buffer consisting of 2% BSA, 0.05% sodium azide in PBS (Sigma,Mo.). As appropriate, the cells were Fc-receptor blocked for 15 minutesusing a 0.1% γ-globulin (Sigma) solution. Aliquots (approximately 10⁵cells) were incubated with either phycoerythirin (PE) or allophycocyanin(APC) conjugated monoclonal antibodies (5 μl antibody per 10⁶ cells), asindicated in Table I, or with an unconjugated primary antibody. Controlsincluded appropriate isotype matched antibodies, unstained cells, andcells stained only with secondary conjugated antibody. All incubationswith antibodies were performed for 30 mins at 4° C. after which thecells were washed with the staining buffer. Samples that were stainedwith unconjugated primary antibodies were incubated for an additional 30mins at 4° C. with secondary conjugated PE or -APC labeled antibodies.See Table I for a list of secondary antibodies used. Washed cells werepelleted and resuspended in the staining buffer, and the cell surfacemolecules were identified using a FACS Array (BD Biosciences)instrument, collecting at least 10,000 events.

Example 10 Immunocytochemistry

Cells seeded on 0.1% Matrigel (BD) coated dishes were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. Fixed cells wereblocked for 1 h at room temperature with PBS/0.1% BSA/10% normal chickserum/0.5% Triton X-100 and then incubated overnight with primaryantibodies in PBS/0.1% BSA/10% normal chick serum at 4° C. The list ofprimary antibodies and their working dilutions are shown in Table IB.After three washes in PBS/0.1% BSA, fluorescent secondary antibodies ata 1:100 dilution in PBS were incubated with cells for 1 h at roomtemperature to allow binding. Control samples included reactions wherethe primary antibody was omitted or where the primary antibody wasreplaced with corresponding matched negative control immunoglobulins atthe same concentration as the primary antibodies. Stained samples wererinsed; a drop of PROLONG® (Invitrogen, CA) containingdiamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) was added to eachsample to counter-stain the nucleus and to function as an anti-fadereagent. Images were acquired using a Nikon Confocal Eclipse C-1inverted microscope (Nikon, Japan) and a 10-60× objective.

Example 11 PCR Analysis of Undifferentiated Cells

RNA Extraction, Purification, and cDNA Synthesis:

RNA samples were purified by binding to a silica-gel membrane (RneasyMini Kit, Qiagen, CA) in the presence of an ethanol-containing,high-salt buffer followed by washing to remove contaminants. The RNA wasfurther purified using a TURBO DNA-free kit (Ambion, INC), andhigh-quality RNA was then eluted in water. Yield and purity wereassessed by A260 and A280 readings on a spectrophotometer. cDNA copieswere made from purified RNA using an ABI (ABI, CA) high capacity cDNAarchive kit.

Real-Time PCR Amplification and Quantitative Analysis:

Unless otherwise stated, all reagents were purchased from AppliedBiosystems. Real-time PCR reactions were performed using the ABI PRISM®7900 Sequence Detection System. TAQMAN® UNIVERSAL PCR MASTER MIX® (ABI,CA) was used with 20 ng of reverse transcribed RNA in a total reactionvolume of 20 μl. Each cDNA sample was run in duplicate to correct forpipetting errors. Primers and FAM-labeled TAQMAN® probes were used atconcentrations of 200 nM. The level of expression for each target genewas normalized using a human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH) endogenous control previously developed by Applied Biosystem.Primer and probe sets are listed as follows: Oct3/4 (Hs00742896), SOX-2(Hs00602736), UTF-1 (Hs00747497), Rex-1 (Hs00399279), Connexin 43(Hs00748445), Connexin 45 (Hs00271416), ABCG2 (Hs00184979), Tert(Hs00162669), HNF3P (Hs00232764), GATA-4 (Hs00171403), Mixl1(Hs00430824), Sox7 (Hs00846731), AFP (Hs00173490), Brachyury(Hs00610080), GSC (Hs00418279_m1), Pdx-1 (Hs00426216), PTF1a(Hs00603586), Ngn3 (Hs00360700), NeuroD1 (Hs00159598), Insulin(Hs00355773) and Glu2 (Hs00165775). Sox17 primers were designed usingthe PRIMERS program (ABI, CA) and were the following sequences: Sox17:TGGCGCAGCAGATACCA (SEQ ID NO:1), AGCGCCTTCCACGACTTG (SEQ ID NO:2) andCCAGCATCTTGCTCAACTCGGCG (SEQ ID NO:3). After an initial incubation at50° C. for 2 min followed by 95° C. for 10 min, samples were cycled 40times in two stages—a denaturation step at 95° C. for 15 sec followed byan annealing/extension step at 60° C. for 1 min. Data analysis wascarried out using GENEAMP®7000 Sequence Detection System software. Foreach primer/probe set, a Ct value was determined as the cycle number atwhich the fluorescence intensity reached a specific value in the middleof the exponential region of amplification. Relative gene expressionlevels were calculated using the comparative Ct method. Briefly, foreach cDNA sample, the endogenous control Ct value was subtracted fromthe gene of interest Ct to give the delta Ct value (ΔCt). The normalizedamount of target was calculated as 2-ΔCt, assuming amplification to be100% efficiency. Final data were expressed relative to a calibratorsample.

Example 12 Karyotype Analysis

The karyotype of H9 cells was determined by standard G-banding karyotypeanalysis. A total of 100 metaphase spreads were evaluated (AppliedGenetics Laboratories, Inc.). No chromosome aberrations were found in100 cells analyzed. Cytogenetic analysis showed that the cells had anormal number of autosomes and a modal chromosome number of 46. FIG. 15depicts a typical karyotype obtained from the human embryonic stem cellline H9.

Example 13 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture on Tissue Culture SubstrateCoated with Extracellular Matrix

The human embryonic stem cell lines H1, H7, and H9 were obtained fromWiCell Research Institute, Inc., (Madison, Wis.) and cultured accordingto instructions provided by the source institute. Briefly, cells werecultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells in ES cellmedium consisting of DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen/GIBCO) supplemented with 20%knockout serum replacement, 100 nM MEM nonessential amino acids, 0.5 mMbetamercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine with 4 ng/ml human basicfibroblast growth factor (bFGF). MEF cells, derived from E13 to 13.5mouse embryos, were purchased from Charles River. MEF cells wereexpanded in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Hyclone), 2 mMglutamine, and 100 mM MEM nonessential amino acids. Sub-confluent MEFcell cultures were treated with 10 μg/ml mitomycin C (Sigma, MO) for 3 hto arrest cell division, then trypsinized and plated at 2×104/cm2 on0.1% bovine gelatin coated dishes. MEF cells from passage two throughfour were used as feeder layers. Human embryonic stem cells plated onMEF cell feeder layers were cultured at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5%CO₂ within a humidified tissue culture incubator. When confluent(approximately 5 to 7 days after plating), human embryonic stem cellswere treated with 1 mg/ml collagenase type IV (Invitrogen/GIBCO) for 5to 10 min and then gently scraped off the surface using a 5 ml glasspipette. Cells were centrifuged at 900 rpm for 5 min, and the pellet wasresuspended and re-plated at a 1:3 to 1:4 ratio of cells on platescoated with a 1:30 dilution of growth factor reduced MATRIGEL™ (BDBiosciences). Cells were subsequently cultured in MEF-conditioned mediasupplemented with 8 ng/ml bFGF and collagenase passaged on MATRIGELcoated plates for at least five passages. The cells cultured onMATRIGEL™ were routinely passaged with collagenase IV(Invitrogen/GIBCO), Dispase (BD Biosciences) or Liberase enzyme (Roche,Ind.).

Example 14 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with Extracellular Matrix to DefinitiveEndoderm

Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm wascarried out as previously described in Nature Biotechnology 23,1534-1541 (December 2005). Briefly, H9 cultures at approximately 60 to70% confluency were exposed to DMEM:/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5%FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A for two days, followed by treatment withDMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A (AA)for an additional three days. H9 cells were cultured on plates coatedwith growth factor reduced MATRIGEL at a 1:30 to 1:10 dilution or onregular MATRIGEL at a1:30 to 1:10 dilution The plates were coated withMATRIGEL for 1 hr at room temperature.

At day 5, the cultures were analyzed by FACS for CXCR4, E-cadherin, CD9,and N-cadherin expression and by real time PCR for SOX-17, SOX-7,Alphafetal protein (AFP), CXCR4, Brychyury (Bry), gooscecoid (GSC),HNF-3 beta, and GATA4. AFP and SOX-7 are regarded as visceral endodermmarkers, while GATA4, HNF-3 beta and SOX-17 represent definite endodermmarkers, and GSC, Bry, and CXCR4 represent markers of primitive streak.FIG. 17 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS. There was a significantincrease in expression of CXCR4 by cells cultured on plates coated withMATRIGEL at a 1:10 dilution as compared to lower concentrations ofMATRIGEL. Furthermore, growth factor reduced MATRIGEL was not aseffective in formation of definitive endoderm cells as compared toregular MATRIGEL.

FIG. 18 shows the real-time PCR results verifying that cells cultured onplates coated with a 1:10 dilution of MATRIGEL showed a significant upregulation of definitive endoderm markers as compared to cells culturedon a 1:30 dilution of MATRIGEL.

Example 15 Microarray Analysis of Changes in Gene Expression in HumanEmbryonic Stem Cells Following Formation of Definitive Endoderm

Total RNA was isolated from the following human embryonic stem cellcultures using an RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen): H9P83 cells cultured onMATRIGEL-coated plates and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with0.5% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A for two days followed by treatment withDMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/ml Activin A (AA)for an additional three days; H9P44 cells cultured on MEFs and exposedto DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin Afor two days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 medium supplementedwith 2% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A for an additional three days.Controls for each group included cells plated on MATRIGEL-coated dishesand cultured in MEF-conditioned medium or cells plated on MEFs andcultured in ES medium.

Sample preparation, hybridization, and image analysis were performedaccording to the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Followingnormalization and a log transformation, data analysis was performedusing OmniViz® software (MA) and GENESIFTER (VizXLabs, WA). Thevariability within each treatment and among the different treatments wascompared using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Variance in geneexpression profiles between the different treatments along with thecorrelation coefficient between the lines are depicted in FIG. 19.Significant differences in gene expression between the samples wereevaluated using analysis of variance and an F-test with adjusted P-value(Benjamini and Hochberg correction) of less-than or equal to 0.05. Onlygenes with a present call were included in the analysis. Table IV liststhe genes that are differentially expressed with a difference at least5-fold between the various samples. The normalized intensity value ofthe genes that are significantly expressed along with the standard errorof the mean (SEM) for each gene are listed.

Example 16 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to Definitive Endoderm

Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm wascarried out as previously described in Nature Biotechnology 23,1534-1541 (December 2005). Briefly, H9, H7, or H1 cells seeded on growthfactor reduced MATRIGEL™ (1:30 dilution) cultures at approximately 60 to70% confluency were exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5%FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A (R&D Systems, MN)) for two days followed bytreatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/mlactivin A (AA) for an additional three days. In all subsequent examplesunless otherwise noted, this treatment regimen will be referred to asthe definite endoderm (DE) protocol.

In parallel, H9, H7, or H1 cells cultured on MEF feeders were alsoexposed to the same DE protocol outlined above.

At day 5, the cultures were analyzed by FACS for CXCR4, E-cadherin, CD9,CD99, and N-cadherin (CD56) expression and by real time PCR for SOX-17,SOX-7, Alpha-fetal protein (AFP), CXCR4, Brychyury (Bry), gooscecoid(GSC), HNF-3 beta, and GATA4. AFP and SOX-7 are regarded as visceralendoderm markers while GATA4, HNF-3beta and SOX-17 represent definiteendoderm markers and GSC, Bry, and CXCR4 represent markers of primitivestreak.

H-lines cultured on mouse feeders and exposed to the DE protocolresulted in a robust expression of DE markers and expression of CXCR4 byFACS (FIG. 20). There was also a significant decrease in expression ofE-cadherin following treatment with the DE protocol. Lastly, the CXCR4⁺population also stained positive for CD117. FIG. 21 shows a significantup regulation of definitive endoderm markers as compared to untreated H7(FIG. 21, panel a) and H9 cells (FIG. 21, panel b).

Unlike H-lines cultured on MEF feeders, H-lines cultured on MATRIGEL™(1:30 dilution) and treated with the definitive endoderm protocol failedto show robust expression of definitive endoderm markers. In particular,the expression of CXCR4 by FACS and by real-time PCR was significantlylower for cells cultured on MATRIGEL™ as compared to cells cultured onmouse embryonic fibroblasts. Expression of definitive endoderm markersfollows a general response pattern with H1 being greater than H9, whichis greater than H7 (FIGS. 22 and 23). From FIG. 22, H1 cells showed asignificant increase in CXCR4 expression as compared to H7 and H9 lines.Note that in all cases, the expression of CXCR4 was lower for cellscultured on MATRIGEL™ (1:30 dilution) as compared to cells cultured onmouse embryonic fibroblasts. FIG. 23 (panels a-c) shows the real-timePCR results showing that there was modest increase in up regulation ofdefinitive endoderm markers in H7 (FIG. 23, panel a) and H9 (FIG. 23,panel b) lines. However, H1 (FIG. 23, panel c) line showed a more robustup regulation of definitive endoderm markers as compared to H7 and H9lines.

Example 17 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Role of Wnt Ligands

H7P44 and H9P46 embryonic stem cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ (1:10dilution) coated dishes and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with0.5% FBS, and 100 ng/ml activin A (R&D Systems, MN) for two daysfollowed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and100 ng/ml activin A (AA) for an additional three days. In some of thecultures 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a (Catalog#1324-WN-002, R&D Systems, MN), 20ng/ml Wnt-5a (Catalog#654-WN-010, R&D Systems, MN), 25 ng/ml Wnt-7a(Catalog#3008-WN-025, R&D Systems, MN), or 25 ng/ml Wnt-5b(Catalog#3006-WN-025, R&D Systems, MN) was added throughout the five daytreatment. FIG. 24 depicts phase contrast images of H9P46 definitiveendoderm culture in the presence of high concentration of (a) AA or (b)AA+20 ng/ml Wnt-3a. FIG. 25 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS atday 5 for H7P44, and H9P46 lines cultured on MATRIGEL™ (1:30 dilution)and exposed to the DE protocol+Wnt-3a (FIG. 25, panels b and d) and−Wnt-3a (FIG. 25, panels a and c). Presence of Wnt-3a in DE culturesresulted in robust expression of CXCR4 (CD184) as compared to DEcultures treated with low serum plus high concentration of AA. FIG. 26displays the real-time PCR data for a) H7 and b) H9 cultures treatedwith low serum+AA+/−Wnt ligands. For both H lines, addition of WNT-3aresulted in significant up regulation of definitive endoderm markers. Incontrast, Wnt 5a, Wnt-5b and Wnt-7a had minimal impact on expression ofdefinitive endoderm markers.

Example 18 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Effective Dose of Wnt-3a

H9P46 embryonic stem cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ coated dishes(1:10 dilution) and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5%FBS, 100 ng/ml Activin A (AA), and 10-50 ng/ml WNt-3a (R&D Systems, MN)for two days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with2% FBS, 100 ng/ml activin A (AA), and 10-50 ng/ml Wnt-3a for anadditional three days. Control cultures were not treated with Wnt-3a.FIG. 27, panel a depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS at day 5 in theabsence of Wnt-3a, b) 10 ng/ml Wnt-3a, c) 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a and d) 50ng/ml Wnt-3a. In the absence of Wnt-3a the expression of CXCR4 was verylow. In contrast, addition of 10-50 ng/ml of Wnt-3a significantlyincreased the number of CXCR4 positive cells. Furthermore, addition of10 ng/ml of Wnt-3a was as effective as addition of 50 ng/ml of Wnt-3a.Real-time PCR results (FIG. 28, panel a) also confirm this finding.

In a separate study, H9p52 cells were plated on 1:30 low growth factorMATRIGEL™. For the first 2 days of the DE protocol a range of Wnt-3adoses was used: 10 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml and 1 ng/ml. FIG. 28, panel b showsPCR analysis of the DE markers after 5 days of treatment. The number ofcells at the end of the experiment is noted in FIG. 28, panel c. Thisindicates that cells are proliferating when higher doses of Wnt-3a areused. Extension to 5 days of Wnt-3a treatment (5D) had little effect onDE markers by PCR and did not significantly increase cell numbers (FIG.28, panel c). These data indicate that 10 ng/ml Wnt3a for 2 days issufficient to reach optimal cell expansion and definitive endodermdifferentiation.

Example 19 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Effect of GSK-3B Inhibitors

In order to confirm that the effect of Wnt-3a was through the Wntpathway, a GSK-3 inhibitor was used to activate the downstream targetsof Wnt, such as beta catenin. H9P46-P48 embryonic stem cells werecultured on MATRIGEL™ coated dishes (1:10 dilution) and exposed toDMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS, 100 ng/ml activin-A (AA),and 10-1000 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX (Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA) fortwo days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2%FBS, 100 ng/ml activin A (AA), and 0-1000 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX(Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA) for an additional three days. Controlcultures were treated with low serum plus high dose of activinA+/−Wnt-3a. FIG. 29, panel a depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS atday 5 in the absence of Wnt-3a or GSK-3B inhibitor, b) +20 ng/ml Wnt-3a,c) +1000 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX, d) +500 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX, e) +100nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX, f) +10 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX, g) +100 nM GSK-3Binhibitor IX for days 1-2, and h) +10 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX for days1-2.

In the absence of Wnt-3a or at 10 nm GSK-3B inhibitor the expression ofCXCR4 was very low. In contrast, addition of 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a or100-1000 nM GSK-3B inhibitor significantly increased the number of CXCR4positive cells. Furthermore, addition of 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor fordays 1-2 was as effective as addition of 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor for theentire five day period. FIG. 30 depicts the gene expression ofdefinitive endoderm markers for (panel a) H9P48 cells and (panel b)H9P46 cells.

FIG. 16 depicts the outline of a differentiation protocol in thisinvention, where embryonic stem cells are differentiated into definitiveendoderm in a feeder free system.

Example 20 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Effective Dose of Activin A in the Presence of a GSK-3BInhibitor or Wnt-3a

H9P49 and H1P46 embryonic stem cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ coateddishes (1:10 dilution) and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with0.5% FBS, 10-100 ng/ml activin A (AA), and 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX(Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA) or 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a for two daysfollowed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS,10-100 ng/ml activin A (AA) for an additional three days. Controlcultures were treated with low serum plus 100 ng/ml of activin A. FIG.31 depicts the expression of CXCR4 by FACS for H9P49 and H1P46 at day 5with a) 10 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A forthe first two days, b) 100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 20ng/ml of Wnt-3A for the first two days c) 100 ng/ml activin A for allfive days plus 100 nM of GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the first two days d)10 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 100 nM of GSK-3B inhibitor IXfor the first two days, e) 100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus 20ng/ml of Wnt-3A for the first two days, and f) 10 ng/ml activin A forall five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A for the first two days. FIG. 31panels a-d is for H9P49 cells and panels e-f is for H1P46 cells. FIG. 32depicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers for H9P49cultures treated with 10, 50, or 100 ng/ml of activin A plus 20 ng/ml ofWnt-3a: panel a: expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4, GSC, HNF-3B, and POU5F(Oct-4) and panel b: SOX-17 and GATA4. It appears that robust expressionof definitive endoderm markers can be obtained by using 50 ng/ml ofAA+20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A or 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX. Lower doses ofactivin A lead to formation of extraembryonic endoderm.

Example 16 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Combination of Wnt-3a and GSK-3B Inhibitors

H9P53 embryonic stem cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ coated dishes(1:30 dilution) and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5%FBS, 100 ng/ml activin A (AA), and 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX(Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA) +/−20 ng/ml Wnt-3a for two daysfollowed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS,10-100 ng/ml activin-A (AA) for an additional three days. In parallel,H9P53 cultures were treated with 25 ng/ml BMP-4 (Catalog#314-BP-010, R&DSystems, MN) +/−20 ng/ml Wnt-3A+/−100 ng/ml activin A. Control cultureswere treated with low serum plus 100 ng/ml of activin A. FIG. 33 depictsthe expression of CXCR4 by FACS at day 5 with a) 100 ng/ml activin A forall five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A for the first two days and 25ng/ml BMP-4 for days 3-5, b) 100 ng/ml activin A for all five days plus20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A for the first two days c) 100 ng/ml activin A for allfive days plus 100 nM of GSK-3B inhibitor IX for the first two days d)20 ng/ml Wnt-3a+25 ng/ml BMP-4 for all five days, e) 100 ng/ml activin Afor all five days plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3A+100 nm GSK-3B inhibitor IX forthe first two days, and f) 100 ng/ml activin A+25 ng/ml BMP-4 for allfive days. FIG. 34 depicts the gene expression of definitive endodermmarkers, as determined by real-time PCR for cultures of the humanembryonic stem cell line H1 at passage 46, treated with 10 or 100 ng/mlof activin A plus 20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a or 100 NM GSK-3B inhibitor: panel(a): expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4, GSC, and POU5F (Oct-4) and panel(b): SOX-17, HNF-3B, and GATA4. Results are expressed as fold increaseover untreated cells. FIG. 35 depicts the gene expression of definitiveendoderm markers, as determined by real-time PCR for cultures of thehuman embryonic stem cell line H9 at passage 49, treated with 50 or 100ng/ml of activin A plus 10 or 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor: panel (a):expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4, GSC, HNF-3B, and POU5F (Oct-4) and panel(b): SOX-17 and GATA4. Results are expressed as fold increase overuntreated cells. FIG. 36 depicts the gene expression of definitiveendoderm markers for H9P53 culture treated with combinations of activinA, Wnt-3a, GSK-3 inhibitor, and BMP-4: a) expression of AFP, Bry, CXCR4,GSC, HNF-3B, and SOX7 and b) SOX-17, HNF-3B and GATA4. Addition of BMP-4to the DE protocol appears to induce formation of mesoderm marker BRYand combination of Wnt-3A and GSK-4B inhibitor did not lead tosignificant up regulation of definitive endoderm markers as compared toaddition of each agent by itself in the presence of activin A.

Example 22 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onMEFs to Definitive Endoderm—Combination of Wnt-3a, Activin A, Wnt-5a,BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, IL-4, and SDF-1 in Low Serum

H9P44 cells were plated onto 6 well plates previously coated withmitomycin treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Cells were grownuntil 70 to 80% confluency in ES cell medium consisting of DMEM/F12(Invitrogen/GIBCO) supplemented with 20% knockout serum replacement, 100nM MEM nonessential amino acids, 0.5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 2 mML-glutamine (all from Invitrogen/GIBCO) and 8 ng/ml human basicfibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (R&D Systems).

For DE formation, cells were treated in the presence or absence ofActivin A (100 ng/ml) in addition to other growth factors detailedbelow. Growth factors were added to increasing concentration of FBS in astepwise manner as indicated in the following regimen:

Day 0: 0% FBS in DMEM/F12

Day 1: 0.5% FBS in DMEM/F12

Day 2: 2% FBS in DMEM/F12.

Day 3: Cells were harvested for FACS analysis and RT-PCR.

All growth factors were purchased from R&D Systems, MN. A detaileddescription and concentration of growth factors for each treatment groupis shown below.

1. Control—No growth factor added

2. Activin A (100 ng/ml)

3. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+Wnt-3a (10 ng/ml)+Wnt5a (10 ng/ml)

4. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+Wnt-3a (10 ng/ml)+Wnt5a (10 ng/ml)+BMP2 (100ng/ml)

5. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+BMP-4 (100 ng/ml)

6. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+BMP-6 (100 ng/ml)

7. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+BMP-7 (100 ng/ml)

8. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+BMP-4 (100 ng/ml)+BMP-6 (100 ng/ml)+BMP-7 (100ng/ml)

9. IL-4 (10 ng/ml)

10. SDF1a (20 ng/ml)

11. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+IL-4 (10 ng/ml)+SDF1a (20 ng/ml)

12. BMP2 (100 ng/ml)+BMP-4 (100 ng·ml)+BMP-6 (100 ng/ml)+BMP-7 (100ng/ml)

13. Activin A (100 ng/ml) BMP-2 (100 ng/ml)+BMP-4 (100 ng·ml)+BMP-6 (100ng/ml)+BMP-7 (100 ng/ml)

14. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+IL-4 (10 ng/ml)

15. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+(SDF1a (20 ng/ml)

16. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+Wnt-3a (10 ng/ml)+Wnt-5a (10 ng/ml)+Wnt-7a (10ng/ml)

17. Activin A (100 ng/ml)+IL-4 (10 ng/ml)+SDF1a (20 ng/ml)+BMP-4 (100ng/ml)

Results:

Cells were harvested on Day 3 of DE protocol treatment. For analysis, analiquot of treated cells was used for RNA preparation for RT-PCR and therest of cells used for FACS analysis. The frequency (%) of CXCR4 isshown in FIG. 37. Addition of the above growth factor(s) did not enhanceexpression of CXCR4 above treatment with 100 ng/ml AA in low serum.

For RT-PCR analysis, cells were analyzed for expression of selectedpanel of definitive endoderm markers. Results shown were calibratedagainst cells grown in the base medium but not treated with Activin A orany of the other growth factors. In agreement with the FACS data, TableV shows that there was no significant up regulation of definitiveendoderm markers by addition of growth factors, such as Wnt-3a tocultures treated with a high dose of activin A in low serum. This is incontrast to the previous examples showing a significant increase in DEmarkers for ES cells cultured on feeder-free conditions in the presenceof activin A, WNT3A, and low serum.

Example 23 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL or Human Fibronectin toDefinitive Endoderm

H9P55 cells were grown and differentiated on human fibronectin orregular growth factor MATRIGEL™ (BD Biosciences). 1 ml of DMEM/F12(Invitrogen/GIBCO) containing 1 ug/ml of human fibronectin (R&D systems,MN) was added to each well of 6 well tissue culture treated dish.Alternatively, regular growth factor MATRIGEL™ was diluted 1:10 inDMEM/F12 and 1 ml of diluted MATRIGEL™ was added to each well of 6 welltissue culture treated dish. Cells were passed with collagenase. Aftercells reached 80% confluency, there were treated as follows: 2 days 0.5%FBS containing 10 ng/ml mouse recombinant Wnt3a (R&D) and 100 ng/mlActivin A (R&D). This was followed by 3 days 2% FBS plus 100 ng/mlActivin A. FIG. 38, panels a-b depict the expression of CXCR4 byembryonic stem cells cultured on fibronectin and MATRIGEL, respectively.Real-time PCR results (FIG. 39) confirm that formation of definitiveendoderm was equivalent on fibronectin and MATRIGEL™ coated plates.

Example 24 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with Varying Concentrations of MATRIGELto Definitive Endoderm

H9 cultures at approximately 60 to 70% confluency were exposed toDMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS, 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a and 100ng/ml activin A for two days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 mediasupplemented with 2% FBS, 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a and 100 ng/ml activin A (AA)for an additional three days. H9 cells were cultured on plates coatedwith regular MATRIGEL at a 1:60 to 1:10 dilution. The plates were coatedwith MATRIGEL for 1 hr at room temperature.

Real time PCR results are shown in FIG. 40. Treatment of human embryonicstem cells with low serum, Activin A and Wnt-3a led to the expression ofCXCR4, GATA4, Goosecoid, HNF-3beta, and SOX-17 genes, suggesting thatthe cells were differentiating to the definitive endoderm stage.However, it does not appear that the in the presence of Wnt-3aconcentration of the MATRIGEL™ coating plays an important role indifferentiation.

Example 25 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with Extracellular Matrix andSubsequently Cultured on MEFs to Definitive Endoderm—Role of Wnt-3a

Cells from the human embryonic stem cell line H9 cultured on MATRIGEL™for at least five passages were seeded onto MEF feeders in ES media.When the cells reached 60 to 70% confluency they were exposed toDMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A fortwo days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2%FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A (AA) for an additional three days.Additional treatment groups include Wnt-3a at 20 ng/ml for all fivedays+10-100 ng/ml of activin A.

At day 3 and 5, the cultures were analyzed by real time PCR for SOX-17,SOX-7, Alpha-fetal protein (AFP), CXCR4, Brychyury (Bry), gooscecoid(GSC), HNF-3 beta, GATA4, hTERT and Oct4. AFP and SOX-7 are regarded asvisceral endoderm markers while GATA4, HNF-3beta and SOX-17 representdefinite endoderm markers and GSC, Bry, and CXCR4 represent markers ofprimitive streak. hTERT and Oct-4 are markers for self renewal andpluripotency respectively. Real time-PCR results are shown in FIG. 41,panels a-d. FACS analysis was also performed at day 3 and 5. Expressionlevels of CXCR-4, and CD9 were analyzed and reported in FIG. 41, panele.

In the absence of Wnt-3a, AFP expression levels of cells cultured in 100ng/ml Activin A are similar to those seen in untreated controls.However, with the addition of Wnt-3a to cells cultured in 100 ng/mlactivin A, there is an increase in the expression of AFP that increasesover time. When a lower concentration of Activin A is used, AFPexpression is very high, regardless of the presence of Wnt3a (FIG. 41,panel a). This suggests that a high concentration of Activin A isnecessary to keep the cells from differentiating to extra-embryonictissues.

By FACS analysis, CXCR4 positive cells ranged from 32-42% of thepopulation in samples treated with a high concentration of Activin A butnot treated with Wnt-3a as compared to 23-33% of the population insamples treated with a high concentration of Activin A and Wnt3a at day3 (FIG. 41, panel e). By day 5 of treatment, 28-32% of cells treatedwith a high concentration of activin A but not treated with Wnt-3aexpressed CXCR4 as compared to 43-51% of cells treated with a highconcentration of Activin A and Wnt-3a (FIG. 41, panel f). In cellstreated with a low concentration of Activin A, there were more CXCR4positive cells in the treatment group without Wnt-3a (11 to 20%) ascompared to the Wnt-3a treated group (3 to 4%) (FIG. 41, panel g).Overall, Wnt-3a does not appear to play a significant role indifferentiation of human embryonic stem cells, cultured on MEFs, todefinitive endoderm. This suggests that the feeder layer is probablysecreting sufficient Wnt-3a or analogous ligand to enhance activin Ainduced definitive-endoderm formation.

Example 26 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with Extracellular Matrix to DefinitiveEndoderm Following Treatment with the Wnt Inhibitor DKK-1

To determine if the addition of Wnt-3a was causing the increase indifferentiation, an inhibitor of Wnt-3 signaling was added to thecultures. H9 cultures at approximately 60 to 70% confluency were exposedto DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS, 20 ng/ml Wnt3a, 100 ng/mlDikkopf-1 (DKK-1) and 100 ng/ml activin A for two days followed bytreatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/mlactivin A (AA) for an additional three days. H9 cells were cultured onplates coated with Growth Factor Reduced MATRIGEL at a 1:30 dilution.The plates were coated with MATRIGEL for 1 hr at room temperature.

At day 5, the cultures were analyzed by real time PCR for SOX-17, SOX-7,Alpha-fetal protein (AFP), CXCR4, Brychyury (Bry), gooscecoid (GSC),HNF-3 beta, GATA4, hTERT and Oct4. AFP and SOX-7 are regarded asvisceral endoderm markers while GATA4, HNF-3beta and SOX-17 representdefinite endoderm markers and GSC, Bry, and CXCR4 represent markers ofprimitive streak. hTERT and Oct-4 are markers for self renewal andpluripotency respectively. Results are shown in FIG. 42.

In the presence of Wnt-3a, cells express CXCR4, GATA4, HNF-3beta andSOX17, all markers of definitive endoderm. Markers of primitive streakformation such as goosecoid were also detected at levels higher thanthat detected in untreated controls. With the addition of DKK1, theexpression level of the aforementioned differentiation markersdramatically decrease to levels similar to that of untreated cells.

Example 27 Immunofluorescence Staining of DE Markers for H9 EmbryonicStem Cells Cultured on Tissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL andDifferentiated in Low Serum Plus Activin A and ±Wnt-3a

Day 5 DE cultures of H9 cells were stained according to Example 10 forSOX-17, HNF-3B, GATA-4, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin. All nuclei werecounter stained with DAPI. 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a resulted in significantlylarger number of nuclei stained positive for SOX-17, HNF-3beta. andGATA-4 as compared to cultures differentiated in the absence of Wnt-3a.Furthermore, addition of Wnt-3a resulted in significant loss ofexpression of e-cadherin and enhanced expression of N-cadherin (FIG. 43,panel a and FIG. 43, panel b).

Example 28 Microarray Analysis of Changes in Gene Expression inEmbryonic Stem Cells Following Formation of Definitive Endoderm on MEFSor MATRIGEL

Total RNA was isolated from the following embryonic stem cell culturesusing an RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen): A) H9P33 cells cultured onMATRIGEL™-coated plates (1:30 dilution) and exposed to DMEM/F12 mediumsupplemented with 0.5% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A for two days followedby treatment with DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/mlactivin A (AA) for an additional three days; B) H9P44 cells cultured onMEFs and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS and 100ng/ml Activin A for two days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 mediumsupplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/ml Activin A for an additional threedays, and C) H9P48 cells cultured on MATRIGEL™-coated plates (1:30dilution) and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS and100 ng/ml activin A plus 20 ng/ml Wnt-3a for two days followed bytreatment with DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/mlActivin A (AA) for an additional three days. Controls for each groupincluded cells plated on MATRIGEL-coated dishes and cultured inMEF-conditioned medium or cells plated on MEFs and cultured in ESmedium. All groups contained three biological replicates and eachbiological replicate was repeated on two separate gene chips.

Sample preparation, hybridization, and image analysis were performedaccording to the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Followingnormalization and a log transformation, data analysis was performedusing OmniViz® software (MA) and GENESIFTER (VizXLabs, WA). Significantdifferences in gene expression between the samples were evaluated usinganalysis of variance and an F-test with adjusted P-value (Benjamini andHochberg correction) of less-than or equal to 0.05. Only genes with apresent call in at least one group were included in the analysis. TableVI lists the mean normalized log transformed signal intensity of genesshowing at least 5-fold difference between group A, group B, and group Calong with the adjusted P-value for each gene.

Example 29 Differentiation of the SA002 ES Line Cultured on TissueCulture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to Definitive Endoderm

SA002 P38 cells (Cellartis, Sweden) previously cultured for at leastthree passages on MATRIGEL-coated plates (1:30 dilution) in MEF-CMsupplemented with 8 ng/ml of bFGF were exposed to DMEM/F12 mediumsupplemented with 0.5% FBS, and 100 ng/ml activin A (R&D Systems,MN)+/−20 ng/ml of Wnt-3a or 100 nm GSK-3B IX inhibitor for two daysfollowed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and100 ng/ml activin A (AA) for an additional three days. Real time PCRresults are shown in FIG. 44, panels a & b. Similar to H1, H7, and H9lines, SA002 line also required addition of Wnt-3A for robust expressionof DE markers. Expression of CXCR4 is depicted in FIG. 45: a) AAtreatment b) AA+Wnt-3a c) AA+GSK-3B inhibitor.

Example 25 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with Human Serum to Definitive Endoderm

Cultures of the human embryonic stem cell line H1 at passage 55 weregrown and differentiated on human serum (Sigma, #H1388, MO) coatedplates. 0.5 ml of human serum was added to each well of 6 well tissueculture treated dish, incubated for 1 hr at room temperature, andaspirated before adding human embryonic stem cells. After cells reached80% confluency, they were treated as follows: 2 days 0.5% FBS containing10 ng/ml mouse recombinant Wnt3a (R&D) or 100 nM GSK-3B inhibitor IX(Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA) and 100 ng/ml Activin A (R&D). This wasfollowed by 3 days 2% FBS plus 100 ng/ml Activin A. Cultures were thenanalyzed by real-time PCR (FIG. 46, panels a & b). Robust expression ofdefinitive endoderm markers were noted for cells treated with activinA+GSK-3B inhibitor or Wnt-3A as compared to cells treated with activin Aonly. These findings parallel our findings for human embryonic stemcells cultured on MATRIGEL™ or human fibronectin coated plates.

Example 31 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to DefinitiveEndoderm—Evaluation of Various GSK-3B Inhibitors

The effectiveness of a number of commercially available GSK-3Binhibitors was evaluated in formation of DE from human embryonic stemcells. The following GSK-3B inhibitors were evaluated at 100 nM: GSK-3Binhibitor VIII (Catalog#361549, Calbiochem, CA), GSK-3B inhibitor IX(Catalog#361550, Calbiochem, CA), GSK-3B inhibitor XI (Catalog#361553,Calbiochem, CA), GSK-3B inhibitor XII (Catalog#361554, Calbiochem, CA).H1P54 ES cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ coated dishes (1:30 dilution)and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS, 100 ng/mlactivin A (AA) +/− various GSK-3B inhibitors for two days followed bytreatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS, 100 ng/mlactivin A (AA) for an additional three days. Control cultures weretreated with low serum plus high dose of AA. FIG. 47, panels a and bdepicts the gene expression of definitive endoderm markers at day 5.GSK-3B inhibitor IX and XI were both effective in inducing DE formationas compared to GSK-3B inhibitor VIII and XII.

Example 32 Formation of Pancreatic Endoderm by Human Embryonic StemCells Cultured Under Feeder-Free Conditions—Evaluation of Retinoic AcidAnalogues

H9P49 embryonic stem cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ (1:30 dilution)coated dishes and exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS,20 ng/ml Wnt-3a (Catalog#1324-WN-002, R&D Systems, MN), and 100 ng/mlactivin A (R&D Systems, MN) for two days followed by treatment withDMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and 100 ng/ml activin A (AA) foran additional three days. At day 5, cells were collected for evaluationby FACS and real-time PCR. As indicated in previous examples, thisprotocol resulted in robust up regulation of definitive endodermmarkers, such as CXCR4 and SOX-17. The resulting definitive endodermcells at day 5 were exposed to the following media conditions to inducepancreatic endoderm formation: culturing in DMEM/F12 media supplementedwith 2% FBS and 1 μM all-trans retinoic acid (RA) (Catalog#R2625, Sigma,Mo.), or 0.1-10 μM AM-580(4-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carboxamido]benzoicacid, Catalog#A8843, Sigma, Mo.), or 0.1-1 μM TTNPB(4-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoicacid Arotinoid acid, Catalog#T3757, Sigma, Mo.) for 3 days. AM-580 andTTNPB are retinoic acid analogs with affinity for retinoic acidreceptors. RA treatment was followed by additional three day treatmentin DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2% FBS and 20-50 ng/ml bFGF(Catalog#F0291, Sigma, Mo.). Cultures were harvested and samples of mRNAwere collected for analysis.

Gene expression analysis revealed that (FIG. 48, panels a-d) addition of1 μM RA followed by exposure to bFGF significantly upregulatespancreatic endoderm markers, such as PDX-1. Furthermore, this protocolresulted in robust expression of foregut endoderm markers, such as CDX-2and AFP. At 1 μM concentration, addition of RA analogs resulted inequivalent pancreatic endoderm and foregut markers. However, addition of1 μM RA analogs resulted in more robust expression of AFP as compared toall-trans retinoic acid. However, addition of 10 μM AM-580 suppressedAFP and CDX-2 expression while maintaining a high expression of PDX-1.

Example 34 The Effect of Wnt-3a Treatment on Cytokine Expression inHuman Embryonic Stem Cells

The effect that Wnt-3a treatment has on cytokine expression was analyzedusing a protein array. Cells of the human embryonic stem cell line H9were cultured according to the methods described in Example 15. Atpassage 54, cells were differentiated in the presence of 100 ng/mlActivinA+/−10 ng/ml Wnt3a for 2 days in 0.5% FBS DMEM/F12. Cells weresubsequently cultured for an additional three days in 100 ng/ml ActivinA and 2% FBS DMEM/F12. At the end of the 5th day, CXCR4 expression wasdetermined by FACS for each treatment group. Cells treated with ActivinA only had 1% of cells expressing CXCR4. Cells treated with Activin Aand Wnt3a had 73% of cells positive for CXCR4 expression.

Cell lysates were prepared from cells of each treatment group, with amammalian cell lysis kit (Sigma-Aldrich, MO). Conditioned media fromeach treatment group was collected and concentrated. Cytokine arrayanalysis was completed using Cytokine Array panels provided byRayBiotech, GA (http://www.raybiotech.com/). Table VII lists cytokine,growth factor, and receptor expression following normalization of thedata and background subtraction. For each panel, positive and negativecontrols are also included. The data shown are two independent samplesper cell treatment group (1,2).

Noticeable upregulation of Angiogenin, IGFBP-1 and EGF are seen in theWnt-3a treated cell conditioned media. Numerous proteins are upregulatedin the Wnt-3a treated cell lysates including IGFBP-1, TGFbeta-1 andTGFbeta-3. These upregulated proteins can be added back into thedifferentiation media to replace or enhance Wnt-3a effects on definitiveendoderm formation.

Example 35 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured onTissue Culture Substrate Coated with MATRIGEL to Definitive Endoderm:Role of Wnt1

H1P55 ES cells were cultured on MATRIGEL™ (1:30 dilution) coated dishesand exposed to DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 0.5% FBS, and 100 ng/mlactivin A +/−10-20 ng/ml of WNT-1 (PeproTech, NJ, Catalogue#120-17) fortwo days followed by treatment with DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 2%FBS, 100 ng/ml activin A (AA) and +/−10 or 20 ng/ml of WNT-1 for anadditional three days. The following combinations of WNT1+AA weretested:

a) 20 ng/ml of WNT1+100 ng/ml AA in 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 for days 1-2followed by 2% FBS+DM-F12+100 ng/ml AA for day three, b) 20 ng/ml ofWNT1+100 ng/ml AA in 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 for days 1-2 followed by 2%FBS+DM-F12+100 ng/ml AA for days 3-5, c) 10 ng/ml of WNT1+100 ng/ml AAin 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 for days 1-2 followed by 2% FBS+DMF12+100 ng/ml AAfor day three, d) 10 ng/ml of WNT1+100 ng/ml AA in 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 fordays 1-2 followed by 2% FBS+DM-F12+100 ng/ml AA for days 3-5, e) 20ng/ml of WNT1+100 ng/ml AA in 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 for days 1-2 followed by2% FBS+DM-F12+100 ng/ml AA+20 ng/ml of WNT1 for day three, f) 20 ng/mlof WNT1+100 ng/ml AA in 0.5% FBS+DM-F12 for days 1-2 followed by 2%FBS+DM-F12+100 ng/ml AA+20 ng/ml of WNT1 for days 3-5. FIG. 49, panels aand b displays the real-time PCR data for definitive endoderm markersfollowing treatment of the H1 cells with low serum, AA and Wnt-1.Addition of 20 ng/ml of Wnt1 in the presence of 100 ng/ml of AA resultedin significant up regulation of definitive endoderm markers (Bry, CXCR4,GSC, SOX17, HNF-3B, and GATA-4).

Example 36 The Effect of Glucose on Pancreatic Endocrine Differentiation

The efficiency of differentiating pancreatic endoderm cells intopancreatic endocrine cells depends on many factors, including, forexample, the choice of basal media, or the concentration of glucose. Theeffect of glucose concentration on the differentiation of pancreaticendoderm cells, derived from embryonic stem cells, into pancreaticendocrine cells was examined.

Alteration of Glucose Concentration by Changing the Basal Media:

Cultures of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (H1 and H9) werecultured according to the methods described in Example 1., prior todifferentiation into pancreatic endoderm cells. Embryonic stem cellswere differentiated into pancreatic endoderm cells by culturing theembryonic stem cells in RPMI containing activin A at 100 ng/ml in theabsence of serum for one day. After this time, the cells were culturedin RPMI containing activin A at 100 ng/ml and 0.2% FBS for an additionaltwo days. Following this treatment, the medium was replaced with RPMIcontaining 2% FBS, FGF10 (50 ng/ml) and KAAD-cyclopamine (250 nM). Cellswere cultured in this medium for four days. After this time, the mediumwas replaced with medium supplemented with 1×B27, containing all-transretinoic acid (2 μM), FGF10 (50 ng/ml) and KAAD-cyclopamine (0.25 μM)for four days to induce the formation of pancreatic endoderm cells. Theyield of pancreatic endoderm cells was not significantly different incultures treated with low-glucose DMEM or DMEM/F12.

Pancreatic endoderm cells were differentiated into pancreatic endocrinecells by treating the cells with Exendin 4 and HGF. Excendin 4 (50ng/ml) and HGF (50 ng/ml) were added for ten days in either low-glucoseDMEM or DMEM/F12 for 10 days. Both media were supplemented with 1×B27.Cultures were harvested and samples of mRNA were collected for analysis.Samples were normalized to pancreatic endoderm obtained according to themethods disclosed in Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401 (2006).

Insulin expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. As shown in FIG. 50,panels a and b, both insulin and glucagon gene expression were stronglyincreased in cells treated DMEM/F12, compared to cells treated inDMEM-low glucose. Insulin expression was also analyzed byimmunohistochemistry (FIG. 51). Treatment in DMEM/F12 resulted in alarger percentage of insulin positive cells, compared to DMEM-lowglucose (FIG. 51, panels a and b). Insulin positive cells were alsopositive for PDX-1 (panel c).

Alteration of Glucose Concentration:

Cultures of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (H1 and H9) werecultured according to the methods described in Example 1, prior todifferentiation into pancreatic endoderm cells. Embryonic stem cellswere differentiated into pancreatic endoderm cells by culturing theembryonic stem cells in RPMI containing activin A at 100 ng/ml in theabsence of serum for one day. After this time, the cells were culturedin RPMI containing activin A at 100 ng/ml and 0.2% FBS for an additionaltwo days. Following this treatment, the medium was replaced with RPMIcontaining 2% FBS, FGF10 (50 ng/ml) and KAAD-cyclopamine (250 nM). Cellswere cultured in this medium for four days. After this time, the mediumwas replaced with CMRL supplemented with 1×B27, containing all transretinoic acid (2 μM), FGF10 (50 ng/ml) and KAAD-cyclopamine (0.25 μM)for four days to induce the formation of pancreatic endoderm cells. Themedia was supplemented with 5, 10 or 20 mM glucose. The yield ofpancreatic endoderm cells was not significantly different in culturesderived from H9 embryonic stem cells treated with 5, 10 or 20 mM glucose(FIG. 52, panel a).

Pancreatic endoderm cells were differentiated into pancreatic endocrinecells by treating the cells with CMRL supplemented with 1×B27, Exendin 4(50 ng/ml) and HGF (50 ng/ml) for two, four or 10 days in 5, 10 or 20 mMglucose. Cultures were harvested and samples of mRNA were collected foranalysis. Samples were normalized to pancreatic endoderm obtainedaccording to the methods disclosed in Nature Biotechnology 24, 1392-1401(2006).

FIG. 52, panels b-g show the effect of glucose on the expression ofNgn-3, NeuroD-1, Nkx2.2, Pax-4, insulin and glucagon, in cells derivedfrom the human embryonic stem cell line H9. Ngn3 is the firsttranscription factor involved in determining the pancreatic endocrinefate and NeuroD1 is a direct target of Ngn3. Glucose stimulates adoes-dependent increase in both Ngn3 and NeuroD1 mRNA levels. Anothertwo critical pancreatic markers, Nkx2.2 and Pax4, also showed thesimilar expression pattern (FIG. 52, panels d and e). Optimal insulinand glucagon expression was observed in cells treated with 10 mM glucosefor 10 days (FIG. 52, panels f and g).

Similar results for Ngn-3, NeuroD-1, Nkx2.2, Pax-4 were observed incultures derived from the human embryonic stem cell line H1 (TableVIII). However, optimal insulin and synaptophysin expression wasobserved in cells treated with 20 mM glucose for 10 days (Table VIII).

C-Peptide Release from Insulin Expressing Cells Formed by the Methods ofthe Present Invention:

Glucose-mediated c-peptide release was monitored in insulin positivecells derived from H1 cells, that were treated in 2, 10 or 20 mMglucose. To evoke c-peptide release, cells were first incubated withKrebs-Ringer solution with bicarbonate and HEPES (KRBH; 129 mM NaCl, 4.8mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM KH₂PO₄, 1.2 mM MgSO₄, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 10 mMHEPES, 0.1% BSA), for 1 hr. The medium was discarded and replaced withKrebs-Ringer solution containing 2 mM D-glucose. Cells were stimulatedwith either 20 mM glucose or 0.5 mM IBMX for 1 hr (all purchased fromSigma). The fold stimulation was calculated for each culture by dividingthe C-peptide concentration in the simulation supernatant by theC-peptide concentration in the basal supernatant.

BMX stimulated C-peptide release 1.2 to 3 fold (FIG. 53). 20 mM glucosedid not stimulate C-peptide release. There was no significant differencein C-peptide secretion observed between insulin positive cells formed in2, 10 and 20 mM glucose.

Taken together, our data suggest that glucose induces the dose-dependantup regulation of the endocrine markers, Ngn3 and NeuroD1, suggestingthat glucose induces the dose-dependent differentiation of humanembryonic cells into pancreatic endocrine cells. The expression ofinsulin is also regulated by glucose in a dose-dependant manner.

Publications cited throughout this document are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. Although the various aspects of theinvention have been illustrated above by reference to examples andpreferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that the scope of theinvention is defined not by the foregoing description but by thefollowing claims properly construed under principles of patent law.

TABLE IA LIST OF PRIMARY ANTIBODIES USED FOR FACS ANDIMMUNOSTAINININGANALYSIS. Antibody Supplier Isotype Clone SSEA-1Chemicon (CA) Mouse IgM MC-480 SSEA-3 Chemicon (CA) Mouse IgG3 MC-631SSEA-4 Chemicon (CA) Rat IgM MC-813-70 TRA 1-60 Chemicon (CA) Mouse IgMTRA 1-60 TRA 1-81 Chemicon (CA) Mouse IgM TRA 1-81 TRA 1-85 Chemicon(CA) Mouse IgG1 TRA 1-85 AP R&D Systems Mouse IgG1 B4-78 HNF3β R&DSystems Goat IgG PDX1 Santa Cruz Goat IgG A-17 Biotechnology, INC GATA4R&D Systems Goat IgG Sox 17 R&D Systems Goat IgG CD 9 BD Mouse IgG1M-L13

TABLE IB LIST OF SECONDARY CONJUGATED ANTIBODIES USED FOR FACS ANDIMMUNOSTAINININGANALYSIS. Secondary Conjugated Antibody SupplierDilution Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Jackson 1:200 APC conjugated ImmunoResearch(PA) Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Jackson 1:200 PE conjugated ImmunoResearch (PA)Donkey anti-rabbit PE Jackson 1:200 or -APC conjugated ImmunoResearch(PA) Donkey anti-goat PE or - Jackson 1:200 APC conjugatedImmunoResearch (PA) Goat anti-mouse IgM SouthernBiotech (AL) 1:200 PEGoat anti-Rat IgM PE SouthernBiotech (AL) 1:200 Goat anti-mouse IgG3SouthernBiotech (AL) 1:200 PE

TABLE IIA CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSWITH TIME, FOLLOWING ACTIVIN A TREATMENT. 0-DAY 2-DAY 5-DAY 8-DAY SSEA-398.67% 92.14%  42.9% 22.05% CD9 92.64% 29.42%  7.27%  4.1% ECAM 61.23%20.87% 14.17%  1.02% NCAM 7.33%  5.04%  21.1%  8.86% CXCR4 8.53%  20.2%55.26% 56.92%

TABLE IIB CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSWITH TIME, FOLLOWING ACTIVIN A TREATMENT. 1-day 3-day 5-day AA AA AAUntreated 100 ng/ml Untreated 100 ng/ml Untreated 100 ng/ml CXCR4+  13%  6%  7.6%   38% 3% 65.5% CXCR4+ 5.32% 2.97%  2.9% 31.56% 3% 55.21% C-Kit+ CXCR4+ 11.5% 14.58%  5.26% 36.67% 3% 54.5% EPCAM+ CXCR4+ 12.27% 8.13% 2.72% 24.11% 3%  2.1% CD9+

TABLE IIC CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSWITH TIME, FOLLOWING ACTIVIN A TREATMENT. 5-day AA treatment CXCR4+92.78% CXCR4+/C-kit+ 92.90% CXCR4+/EPCAM 87.99% CXCR4+/CD99+ 88.78%CXCR4+/CD9+ 7.03%

TABLE III EXPRESSION PROFILE OF PLURIPOTENCY MARKERS FOR THE EMBRYONICSTEM CELL USED IN THE PRESENT INVENTION. H9 Marker FACS RT-PCR StainingOCT3/4 + + SOX-2 + UTF-1 + REX-1 + hTERT + Cx 43 + Cx 45 + ABCG-2 +SSEA-1 ± (36.35%)  SSEA-3 + (94.38%) + SSEA-4 + (98.77%) + TRA-1-81 +(85.85%) + TRA-1-60 + (78.14%) + TRA-1-85 + (95.96%) CD9 + (92.02%) AP +(99%)   +

TABLE IV DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES BETWEEN UNDIFFERENTIATEDEMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AND DEFINITIVE ENDODERM STAGE CELLS CULTURED ONEITHER MATRIGELTM OR MOUSE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS AFTER 5 DAYS OFTREATMENT. H9P83 on H9P44 on Gene H9P83 on Matrigel- H9P44 on MEFs-Identifier Gene Title Gene ID Matrigel SEM DE stage SEM MEFs SEM DEstage SEM D87811 Homo sapiens GATA6 −2.12 0.19 2.82 2.20 −2.56 0.46 5.341.79 mRNA for GATA-6, complete cds. /PROD=GATA-6/ FL=gb:U66075.1gb:NM_005257.1 gb:D87811.1 AW157548 insulin-like IGFBP5 −3.28 0.17 3.312.11 −3.78 0.36 5.35 2.00 growth factor binding protein 5/FL=gb:M65062.1 gb:M62782.1 gb:NM_000599.1 gb:AF055033.1 NM_001898 Homosapiens CST4 −2.15 1.26 2.54 1.95 −2.71 0.98 4.64 1.63 cystatin SN(CST1), mRNA. /PROD=cystatin SN /FL=gb:J03870.1 gb:NM_001898.1 AK000680Homo sapiens PAG1 −2.87 0.91 1.61 0.22 −4.08 0.50 1.68 0.10 cDNAFLJ20673 fis, clone KAIA4464. /FL=gb:AF240634.1 gb:NM_018440.1 NM_022642Homo sapiens — −2.24 0.12 2.97 0.42 −3.78 0.07 2.51 0.44 chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone 1 (placental lactogen) (CSH1), transcriptvariant 4, mRNA. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1, isoform4/FL=gb:NM_022642.1 NM_001317 Homo sapiens CSH1 −2.95 0.57 2.69 0.36−4.04 0.51 1.86 0.68 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (placentallactogen) (CSH1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. /PROD=chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone 1, isoform 1precursor /FL=gb:NM_001317.2gb:J00118.1 BC005921 Homo sapiens, CSH1 −2.26 0.09 3.26 0.23 −2.96 0.372.58 0.45 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (placental lactogen),clone MGC:14518, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropinhormone 1 (placentallactogen) /FL=gb:BC005921.1 AI796169 GATA-bindingGATA3 −4.45 0.10 0.24 1.30 −4.72 0.13 0.80 2.05 protein 3/FL=gb:NM_002051.1 gb:M69106.1 gb:BC003070.1 NM_020991 Homo sapiens CSH1−1.27 0.48 3.19 0.23 −2.91 0.35 2.62 0.54 chorionic somatomammotropinhormone 2 (CSH2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. /PROD=chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone 2, isoform 1precursor /FL=gb:NM_020991.2gb:BC002717.1 NM_021827 Homo sapiens CCDC81 −0.37 0.35 3.16 2.05 −2.021.27 5.25 1.98 hypothetical protein FLJ23514 (FLJ23514), mRNA./PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ23514 /FL=gb:NM_021827.1 AB028021 ClusterIncl. FOXA2 −2.97 0.25 0.59 3.25 −3.43 0.57 4.12 2.57 AB028021: Homosapiens HNF-3beta mRNA for hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta, completecds /cds=(196,1569) /gb=AB028021 /gi=4958949 /ug=Hs.155651 /len=1944NM_002521 Homo sapiens NPPB 1.54 0.11 5.47 1.17 −0.15 0.38 6.24 1.23natriuretic peptide precursor B (NPPB), mRNA. /PROD=natriuretic peptideprecursor B /FL=gb:NM_002521.1 gb:M25296.1 AA352113 ESTs ST8SIA4 −4.011.24 −0.99 2.04 −4.79 1.00 1.05 1.62 BM128432 Homo sapiens full IGFBP5−2.73 1.11 2.31 2.30 −3.48 0.56 4.45 2.02 length insert cDNA cloneYA81B05 NM_002770 Homo sapiens PRSS1 −2.77 0.33 1.59 2.68 −3.13 0.483.88 2.95 protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2) (PRSS2), mRNA. /PROD=protease,serine, 2 (trypsin 2) /FL=gb:M27602.1 gb:NM_002770.1 NM_022579 Homosapiens CSH1 −1.58 0.91 2.48 0.38 −3.33 0.13 1.77 0.49 chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone-like 1 (CSHL1), transcript variant 3, mRNA./PROD=chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1, isoform 3 precursor/FL=gb:NM_022579.1 NM_005454 Homo sapiens CER1 2.82 0.09 5.78 1.04 1.480.05 6.74 1.18 cerberus 1 (Xenopus laevis) homolog (cysteine knotsuperfamily) (CER1), mRNA. /PROD=cerberus 1 /FL=gb:NM_005454.1 NM_022645Homo sapiens CSH1 −2.30 0.33 2.95 0.31 −2.78 0.24 2.45 0.34 chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone 2 (CSH2), transcript variant 3, mRNA./PROD=chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2, isoform 3precursor/FL=gb:NM_022645.1 AI821586 ESTs, Moderately LOC440981 −3.22 0.97 0.663.19 −2.97 0.13 4.22 2.76 similar to JE0284 Mm-1 cell derivedtransplantability- associated protein 1b (H. sapiens) AL121722 Human DNAsequence — −2.95 0.36 −0.01 2.69 −3.43 0.38 2.95 2.66 from cloneRP4-788L20 on chromosome 20 Contains the HNF3B (hepatocyte nuclearfactor 3, beta) gene. a novel gene based on ESTs, ESTs, STSs, GSSs andCpG Islands NM_001311 Homo sapiens CRIP1 1.66 0.17 1.90 0.07 −2.96 0.661.80 0.24 cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal) (CRIP1), mRNA./PROD=cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal) /FL=gb:U58630.1 gb:BC002738.1gb:NM_001311.1 gb:U09770.1 AY177407 Homo sapiens GSC −4.59 0.18 −1.082.89 −4.64 0.06 1.89 2.79 homeobox protein goosecoid mRNA, complete cds./PROD=homeobox protein goosecoid /FL=gb:AY177407.1 gb:NM_173849.1NM_005442 Homo sapiens EOMES −0.16 0.29 2.89 1.70 0.13 0.16 4.90 1.34eomesodermin (Xenopus laevis) homolog (EOMES), mRNA. /PROD=eomesodermin(Xenopus laevis) homolog /FL=gb:AB031038.1 gb:NM_005442.1 L01639 Human(clone CXCR4 0.64 0.26 3.71 1.78 −0.16 0.50 5.48 1.77 HSY3RR)neuropeptide Y receptor (NPYR) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=neuropeptide Yreceptor /FL=gb:L06797.1 gb:NM_003467.1 gb:AF025375.1 gb:AF147204.1gb:M99293.1 gb:L01639.1 NM_022646 Homo sapiens — −1.57 0.60 2.67 0.26−1.88 0.98 2.22 0.35 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 (CSH2),transcript variant 4, mRNA. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2,isoform4 /FL=gb:NM_022646.1 AW007532 Human insulin-like IGFBP5 0.31 0.254.59 1.53 0.72 0.09 6.19 1.58 growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5)mRNA NM_002160 Homo sapiens TNC −0.24 0.29 2.23 0.80 −0.81 0.81 2.850.82 hexabrachion (tenascin C, cytotactin) (HXB), mRNA./PROD=hexabrachion (tenascin C, cytotactin) /FL=gb:M55618.1gb:NM_002160.1 AA149250 ESTs, Weakly similar LOC645638 1.27 0.61 4.231.26 −0.64 0.40 2.47 1.23 to WDNM RAT WDNM1 PROTEIN PRECURSOR (R.norvegicus) AW977527 ESTs — −0.91 0.99 1.18 0.68 −2.52 1.01 1.59 0.64NM_022454 Homo sapiens SOX17 −1.01 0.33 2.29 2.08 −0.14 0.15 4.60 1.73hypothetical protein FLJ22252 similar to SRY-box containing gene 17(FLJ22252), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ22252 similar toSRY-boxcontaining gene 17 /FL=gb:NM_022454.1 AI640307 protocadherin 10PCDH10 −1.89 1.37 1.53 1.32 −1.33 0.38 2.99 1.19 AJ224869 Homo sapiens —0.98 0.18 4.22 1.88 1.34 0.17 6.36 1.49 CXCR4 gene encoding receptorCXCR4 AI824037 ESTs, Weakly FREM1 −1.42 0.36 1.22 1.95 −1.37 0.61 3.481.49 similar to FCE2 MOUSE LOW AFFINITY IMMUNOGLOBULIN EPSILON FCRECEPTOR (M. musculus) BE222344 splicing factor, — 0.50 0.05 3.01 0.93−0.94 1.18 4.27 0.94 arginineserine-rich 5 NM_001643 Homo sapiens APOA2−2.25 1.05 1.72 2.60 −1.20 0.44 4.47 2.42 apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2),mRNA. /PROD=apolipoprotein A-II precursor /FL=gb:M29882.1 gb:NM_001643.1gb:BC005282.1 AI821669 ESTs — −0.94 0.79 1.71 2.19 −0.89 0.21 3.91 1.94NM_002608 Homo sapiens PDGFB −0.23 0.82 1.87 0.15 −2.27 0.65 1.92 0.13platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral(v-sis) oncogene homolog) (PDGFB), mRNA. /PROD=platelet-derived growthfactor beta polypeptide(simian sarcoma viral (v-sis) oncogene homolog)/FL=gb:M12783.1 gb:NM_002 AW444761 ESTs CDKN2B −3.35 0.90 0.39 0.52−3.11 0.88 0.80 0.25 BF223214 ESTs — −0.48 0.08 1.69 2.04 −1.51 0.254.09 1.98 AF154054 Homo sapiens GREM1 1.68 0.26 4.61 0.74 0.62 0.04 3.580.87 DRM (DRM) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=DRM /FL=gb:NM_013372.1gb:AF110137.2 gb:AF045800.1 gb:AF154054.1 NM_021223 Homo sapiens MYL71.81 0.05 4.28 0.81 0.17 0.08 4.87 0.96 myosin light chain 2a(LOC58498), mRNA. /PROD=myosin light chain 2a /FL=gb:NM_021223.1AI817041 G protein-coupled CMKOR1 −0.19 0.27 2.67 1.97 0.06 0.18 5.051.64 receptor NM_003670 Homo sapiens BHLHB2 1.09 0.08 3.85 0.10 −0.110.17 3.46 0.03 basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B, 2(BHLHB2), mRNA. /PROD=differentiated embryo chondrocyte expressed gene1/FL=gb:AB004066.1 gb:NM_003670.1 NM_023915 Homo sapiens GPR87 −1.70 0.611.64 0.18 −2.99 0.06 1.40 0.23 G protein-coupled receptor 87 (GPR87),mRNA. /PROD=G protein- coupled receptor 87 /FL=gb:NM_023915.1gb:AF237763.1 NM_003867 Homo sapiens FGF17 −3.05 0.39 0.03 2.07 −2.130.41 2.49 1.35 fibroblast growth factor 17 (FGF17), mRNA./PROD=fibroblast growth factor 17 /FL=gb:NM_003867.1 gb:AB009249.1NM_024426 Homo sapiens WT1 −3.23 0.37 −1.11 0.62 −4.20 0.56 −2.44 1.26Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), transcript variant D, mRNA. /PROD=Wilms tumor 1isoform D /FL=gb:NM_024424.1 gb:NM_024426.1 NM_033136 Homo sapiens FGF1−3.10 1.42 0.09 0.83 −3.16 0.63 −0.78 1.21 fibroblast growth factor 1(acidic) (FGF1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD=fibroblast growthfactor 1 (acidic) isoform 2precursor /FL=gb:NM_033137.1 gb:NM_033136.1X99268 H. sapiens TWIST1 0.10 0.33 3.94 0.24 0.34 0.22 3.45 0.34 mRNAfor B-HLH DNA binding protein. /PROD=B-HLH DNA binding protein/FL=gb:NM_000474.1 AL524520 G protein-coupled LGR5 −2.27 1.43 0.76 1.40−1.58 0.40 2.51 1.35 receptor 49 NM_022557 Homo sapiens CSH1 −0.91 0.191.40 0.22 −2.12 0.08 1.47 0.14 growth hormone 2 (GH2), transcriptvariant 2, mRNA. /PROD=growth hormone 2, isoform 2 precursor/FL=gb:J03756.1 gb:NM_022557.1 AL544576 ESTs TMEM88 −1.96 0.68 1.75 0.58−1.45 0.86 2.08 0.70 NM_022580 Homo sapiens CSH1 −1.20 0.86 2.30 0.39−1.78 0.64 1.55 0.63 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1 (CSHL1),transcript variant 4, mRNA. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropinhormone-like 1, isoform 4 /FL=gb:NM_022580.1 J03580 Human, parathyroid-PTHLH −2.72 0.33 −0.80 0.40 −4.05 0.41 −1.42 0.73 like protein(associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy) mRNA, completecds. /FL=gb:J03580.1 BC029835 Homo sapiens, LOC646867 −2.66 1.12 1.011.85 −1.40 0.41 3.03 1.61 clone IMAGE:5169759, mRNA. AI452798 ESTs MYOCD0.98 0.13 3.31 0.66 −0.07 0.28 2.80 0.98 NM_022559 Homo sapiens CSH1−1.56 0.38 2.00 0.32 −2.07 0.42 1.47 0.28 growth hormone 1 (GH1),transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD=growth hormone 1, isoform 2 precursor/FL=gb:NM_022559.1 NM_001318 Homo sapiens CSH1 0.15 0.41 2.83 0.40 −1.300.34 2.37 0.50 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1 (CSHL1),transcript variant 1, mRNA. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropinhormone-like 1, isoform 1 /FL=gb:NM_001318.2 M65062 Human insulin-likeIGFBP5 −2.80 1.17 2.19 2.00 −0.99 0.23 4.11 1.81 growth factor bindingprotein 5 (IGFBP-5) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=insulin-like growth factorbinding protein 5 /FL=gb:M65062.1 gb:M62782.1 gb:NM_000599.1gb:AF055033.1 AF207990 Homo sapiens FER1L3 0.49 0.40 3.00 0.81 −0.160.09 4.02 0.92 fer-1 like protein 3 (FER1L3) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=fer-1 like protein 3 /FL=gb:AF207990.1 AI079944 ESTs — −0.78 0.220.08 0.59 −3.56 0.24 −0.13 0.73 BC003070 Homo sapiens, GATA3 1.07 0.043.23 0.96 0.31 0.26 4.45 0.80 GATA-binding protein 3, clone MGC:2346,mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=GATA-binding protein 3 /FL=gb:NM_002051.1gb:M69106.1 gb:BC003070.1 BE877796 collagen, type VIII, COL8A1 −3.761.17 −1.28 0.73 −4.89 0.54 −1.33 1.64 alpha 1 /FL=gb:NM_001850.1NM_022560 Homo sapiens CSH1 −2.23 0.74 1.95 0.08 −2.01 0.51 1.47 0.31growth hormone 1 (GH1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. /PROD=growth hormone1, isoform 3 precursor /FL=gb:NM_022560.1 BE328496 hypothetical — −0.590.25 1.76 0.13 −2.01 0.97 1.73 0.26 protein PRO2032 /FL=gb:AF116683.1gb:NM_018615.1 NM_022469 Homo sapiens GREM2 −1.15 0.25 0.09 0.88 −3.430.90 0.76 0.47 hypothetical protein FLJ21195 similar to protein relatedto DAC and cerberus (FLJ21195), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical proteinFLJ21195 similar to proteinrelated to DAC and cerberus/FL=gb:NM_022469.1 NM_001362 Homo sapiens DIO3 −1.73 0.70 1.99 1.92−1.05 0.79 4.23 1.51 deiodinase, iodothyronine, type III (DIO3), mRNA./PROD=thyroxine deiodinase type III /FL=gb:NM_001362.1 gb:S79854.1NM_022581 Homo sapiens CSH1 −1.56 0.67 2.08 0.42 −1.63 0.80 1.47 0.53chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1 (CSHL1), transcript variant5, mRNA. /PROD=chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1, isoform 5precursor /FL=gb:NM_022581.1 NM_013372 Homo sapiens GREM1 1.61 0.07 4.150.64 0.91 0.15 3.20 0.81 cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1(CKTSF1B1), mRNA. /PROD=cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1/FL=gb:NM_013372.1 gb:AF110137.2 gb:AF045800.1 gb:AF154054.1 NM_022561Homo sapiens CSH1 −1.32 0.60 1.91 0.25 −1.66 0.46 1.57 0.22 growthhormone 1 (GH1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. /PROD=growth hormone 1,isoform 4 precursor /FL=gb:NM_022561.1 NM_022659 Homo sapiens — −1.580.75 −1.24 1.79 −3.62 0.20 −1.81 1.25 hypothetical protein FLJ11500similar to EBF2 (FLJ11500), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ11500similar to EBF2 /FL=gb:NM_022659.1 AF006060 Homo sapiens CSH1 −1.21 0.061.13 0.05 −3.08 0.63 0.50 0.17 placental growth hormone 20 kDa isoform(hGH-V) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=placental growth hormone 20 kDaisoform /FL=gb:AF006060.1 gb:NM_022556.1 AI688418 plexin A2 PLXNA2 −0.180.14 0.84 1.58 −1.28 0.53 2.74 0.96 M86849 Homo sapiens — −5.08 0.260.54 0.47 −1.64 0.19 −0.09 0.44 connexin 26 (GJB2) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=connexin 26 /FL=gb:NM_004004.1 gb:M86849.2 N71923 fibronectin —0.30 0.24 2.83 1.46 0.53 0.12 4.38 1.46 leucine rich transmembraneprotein 3 /FL=gb:AF169677.1 gb:NM_013281.1 NM_013281 Homo sapiens FLRT3−0.20 0.33 2.14 1.61 0.00 0.15 3.96 1.39 fibronectin leucine richtransmembrane protein 3 (FLRT3), mRNA. /PROD=fibronectin leucine richtransmembrane protein3 /FL=gb:AF169677.1 gb:NM_013281.1 AI601101 Homosapiens FAM84A 0.46 0.38 3.07 0.46 −0.32 0.46 3.82 0.48 cDNA: FLJ21410fis, clone COL03938 NM_000325 Homo sapiens PITX2 1.37 0.17 3.51 0.470.89 0.16 4.02 0.47 paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2(PITX2), mRNA. /PROD=paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2/FL=gb:NM_000325.1 gb:U69961.1 gb:AF048720.1 AI692659 heat shock PRDM10.21 0.25 1.67 0.77 −0.67 0.17 2.61 0.80 90 kD protein 1, alphaNM_000602 Homo sapiens SERPINE1 2.97 0.16 4.75 1.89 1.55 0.22 2.75 1.87serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogenactivator inhibitor type 1), member 1 (SERPINE1), mRNA. /PROD=serine (orcysteine) proteinase inhibitor, cladeE (nexin, plasminogen activatorinhibitor type 1), membe NM_001480 Homo sapiens GALR1 −1.90 0.68 0.040.73 −2.42 0.72 −0.34 0.73 galanin receptor 1 (GALR1), mRNA./PROD=galanin receptor 1 /FL=gb:NM_001480.2 gb:U23854.1 gb:L34339.1gb:U53511.1 NM_000393 Homo sapiens COL5A2 4.29 0.14 5.25 0.21 2.62 0.025.48 0.13 collagen, type V, alpha 2 (COL5A2), mRNA. /PROD=collagen, typeV, alpha 2 /FL=gb:NM_000393.1 N63706 ESTs — 0.06 0.18 1.73 1.89 −0.740.13 3.75 1.75 AF132818 Homo sapiens KLF5 0.63 0.11 3.16 0.50 0.07 0.423.40 0.44 colon Kruppel-like factor (CKLF) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=colon Kruppel- like factor /FL=gb:AF132818.1 gb:AF287272.1gb:AB030824.1 gb:NM_001730.1 gb:D14520.1 X59065 H. sapiens — −1.17 1.11−0.39 1.06 −2.61 0.26 −0.96 1.01 FGF gene, exon 3 /FL=gb:NM_000800.1gb:M13361.1 R73554 Human insulin-like IGFBP5 −0.12 0.15 2.63 1.41 −0.690.16 4.00 1.65 growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) mRNA NM_002149Homo sapiens HPCAL1 −0.18 0.28 1.81 0.44 −1.98 0.86 1.18 0.22hippocalcin-like 1 (HPCAL1), mRNA. /PROD=hippocalcin- like 1/FL=gb:NM_002149.1 gb:D16227.1 AI093327 ESTs — 0.69 0.11 3.09 0.58 0.450.07 2.29 0.85 NM_003240 Homo sapiens PYCR2 6.22 0.16 6.97 0.60 4.160.07 7.51 0.68 endometrial bleeding associated factor (left-rightdetermination, factor A; transforming growth factor beta superfamily)(EBAF), mRNA. /PROD=transforming growth factor, beta 4 /FL=gb:U81523.1gb:NM_003240.1 gb:AF081513.1 AI263909 ras homolog gene RHOB 3.89 0.165.88 0.13 3.01 0.15 5.64 0.10 family, member B /FL=gb:NM_004040.1NM_001792 Homo sapiens CDH2 3.83 0.17 6.01 0.11 2.85 0.13 5.74 0.17cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal) (CDH2), mRNA. /PROD=cadherin2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal) /FL=gb:NM_001792.1 gb:M34064.1NM_003897 Homo sapiens IER3 5.45 0.15 6.97 0.17 4.33 0.11 6.75 0.27immediate early response 3 (IER3), mRNA. /PROD=immediate early response3 /FL=gb:BC005080.1 gb:BC000844.1 gb:AF083421.1 gb:NM_003897.1 AF278532Homo sapiens NTN4 −0.16 0.30 1.70 0.91 −0.67 0.48 2.66 0.74 beta-netrinmRNA, complete cds. /PROD=beta-netrin /FL=gb:AF119916.1 gb:AF297711.1gb:NM_021229.1 gb:AF278532.1 AF348491 Homo sapiens CXCR4 1.39 0.21 4.051.58 1.45 0.07 5.67 1.65 chemokine receptor CXCR4 mRNA, complete cds./PROD=chemokine receptor CXCR4 /FL=gb:AF348491.1 NM_030781 Homo sapiensCOLEC12 1.93 0.13 3.64 1.66 1.96 0.18 5.68 1.51 scavenger receptor withC-type lectin (SRCL), mRNA. /PROD=scavenger receptor with C-type lectin/FL=gb:NM_030781.1 NM_000599 Homo sapiens IGFBP5 −0.31 0.34 3.03 1.850.12 0.24 4.51 1.75 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5(IGFBP5), mRNA. /PROD=insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5/FL=gb:M65062.1 gb:M62782.1 gb:NM_000599.1 gb:AF055033.1 AI348094KIAA0882 protein TBC1D9 0.13 0.26 3.21 1.13 0.96 0.13 4.67 1.08 BG287862AHNAK nucleoprotein AHNAK 1.47 0.20 3.72 0.51 1.37 0.17 4.34 0.58(desmoyokin) AI676059 ESTs FOXQ1 −0.32 0.55 3.08 1.63 0.50 0.17 4.811.47 AI127440 ESTs — −0.85 0.36 0.60 1.22 −0.65 0.27 2.13 1.13 AL574210serine (or cysteine) SERPINE1 2.81 0.24 5.07 0.88 2.13 0.15 3.96 0.86proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitortype 1), member 1 /FL=gb:NM_000602.1 gb:M16006.1 AB037810 Homo sapiensSIPA1L2 3.88 0.04 5.66 0.08 3.18 0.11 5.85 0.11 mRNA for KIAA1389protein, partial cds. /PROD=KIAA1389 protein NM_001394 Homo sapiensDUSP4 0.22 0.37 2.88 1.09 0.50 0.14 4.12 0.99 dual specificityphosphatase 4 (DUSP4), mRNA. /PROD=dual specificity phosphatase 4/FL=gb:NM_001394.2 gb:BC002671.1 gb:U48807.1 gb:U21108.1 BC029442 Homosapiens, — 2.04 0.20 3.80 0.74 1.18 0.05 4.50 0.65 Similar to immunityassociated protein 1, clone MGC:32707 IMAGE:4618467, mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Similar to immunity associated protein 1 /FL=gb:BC029442.1NM_000700 Homo sapiens ANXA1 5.00 0.18 6.27 1.28 3.67 0.05 4.96 1.25annexin A1 (ANXA1), mRNA. /PROD=annexin I /FL=gb:BC001275.1gb:NM_000700.1 BC000740 Homo sapiens, CCKBR 1.08 0.36 3.93 1.84 1.930.03 5.86 1.82 cholecystokinin B receptor, clone MGC:2199, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=cholecystokinin B receptor /FL=gb:L07746.1gb:L08112.1 gb:S70057.1 gb:BC000740.1 gb:L04473.1 gb:NM_000731.1 N36408hypothetical protein FOSL2 −0.09 0.40 2.07 0.04 −0.85 0.24 1.71 0.28FLJ23306 /FL=gb:NM_024530.1 AF072242 Homo sapiens MBD2 −3.98 0.38 −0.590.27 −3.07 0.22 −1.70 0.68 methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2 (MBD2) mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2 /FL=gb:NM_003927.2gb:AF072242.1 AF211891 Homo sapiens MIXL1 −0.63 0.38 0.77 0.95 −2.290.44 0.92 1.71 Mix-like homeobox protein 1 (MILD1) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Mix-like homeobox protein 1 /FL=gb:AF211891.1 BF063186 ESTs CALD11.16 0.19 2.03 0.42 −1.20 1.02 1.65 0.27 NM_000362 Homo sapiens TIMP30.08 0.32 1.98 0.09 −0.34 0.33 1.80 0.26 tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase 3 (Sorsby fundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory)(TIMP3), mRNA. /PROD=tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3precursor/FL=gb:NM_000362.2 gb:U14394.1 gb:U67195.1 gb:U02571.1 AK022852 Homosapiens SIPA1L2 2.87 0.12 4.50 0.09 1.87 0.01 4.55 0.09 cDNA FLJ12790fis, clone NT2RP2001985, weakly similar to Homo sapiens high-risk humanpapilloma viruses E6 oncoproteins targeted protein E6TP1 alpha mRNA.BE500942 Homo sapiens C6orf155 3.23 0.10 4.68 0.86 1.95 0.03 3.77 0.96mRNA; cDNA DKFZp761M0111 (from clone DKFZp761M0111) AW665892 paternallyMFAP5 −1.82 0.54 0.37 0.60 −1.54 0.39 −0.01 0.28 expressed 3 AK025063Homo sapiens FAM84A −1.34 0.84 0.75 0.45 −2.35 0.85 1.01 0.53 cDNA:FLJ21410 fis, clone COL03938. NM_001828 Homo sapiens CLC 2.17 0.21 3.531.07 0.45 0.08 2.11 1.27 Charot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC), mRNA./PROD=Charot-Leyden crystal protein /FL=gb:NM_001828.3 gb:L01664.1M15329 Human interleukin 1- IL1A 0.85 0.32 2.72 0.30 −0.88 0.60 2.200.22 alpha (IL1A) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=interleukin 1-alpha/FL=gb:M15329.1 BC002671 Homo sapiens, DUSP4 1.79 0.03 4.30 1.39 2.100.10 5.60 1.22 dual specificity phosphatase 4, clone MGC:3713, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=dual specificity phosphatase 4 /FL=gb:NM_001394.2gb:BC002671.1 gb:U48807.1 gb:U21108.1 AA524250 deleted in liver DLC11.02 0.05 2.35 0.98 0.10 0.38 3.26 0.96 cancer 1 BC001211 Homo sapiens,KIFC3 −1.53 0.72 0.81 0.38 −2.08 0.42 0.75 0.16 kinesin family memberC3, clone MGC:3226, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=kinesin family member C3/FL=gb:BC001211.1 gb:NM_005550.1 gb:AF004426.1 NM_004560 Homo sapiensROR2 0.76 0.08 2.20 0.81 0.08 0.14 3.06 0.95 receptor tyrosinekinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), mRNA. /PROD=receptor tyrosinekinase-like orphan receptor 2 /FL=gb:M97639.1 gb:NM_004560.1 BC000125Homo sapiens, TGFB1 1.16 0.18 3.43 0.08 0.72 0.14 3.30 0.16 Similar totransforming growth factor, beta 1, clone MGC:3119, mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Similar to transforming growth factor, beta 1 /FL=gb:M38449.1gb:BC001180.1 gb:BC000125.1 gb:NM_000660.1 NM_016931 Homo sapiens NOX41.83 0.06 3.31 1.29 1.20 0.14 2.28 1.27 NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), mRNA./PROD=NADPH oxidase 4 /FL=gb:AF261943.1 gb:NM_016931.1 gb:AF254621.1gb:AB041035.1 BC001830 Homo sapiens, TGFB1I1 0.95 0.17 3.59 0.73 1.520.09 2.74 0.69 Similar to transforming growth factor beta 1 inducedtranscript 1, clone MGC:4078, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Similar totransforming growth factor beta 1induced transcript 1 /FL=gb:NM_015927.1gb:BC001830.1 gb:AF116343.1 NM_024576 Homo sapiens OGFRL1 3.15 0.13 4.490.82 1.63 0.06 3.30 0.98 hypothetical protein FLJ21079 (FLJ21079), mRNA./PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ21079 /FL=gb:NM_024576.1 NM_001963 Homosapiens EGF 0.12 0.22 1.82 1.15 −0.62 0.36 2.68 1.23 epidermal growthfactor (beta- urogastrone) (EGF), mRNA. /PROD=epidermal growth factor(beta- urogastrone) /FL=gb:NM_001963.2 BE620374 ESTs C6orf155 1.97 0.053.35 1.01 0.59 0.17 2.10 1.05 AL359062 Homo sapiens COL8A1 −1.31 0.252.32 0.94 0.03 0.12 3.51 1.02 mRNA full length insert cDNA cloneEUROIMAGE 1913076. AL117653 Homo sapiens MITF −0.12 0.61 2.32 0.10 0.210.13 2.56 0.06 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp586C0224 (from clone DKFZp586C0224).AL021977 Cluster Incl. — 1.92 0.14 4.53 0.43 2.15 0.12 4.66 0.22AL021977:b K447C4.1 (novel MAFF (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma(avian) oncogene family, protein F) LIKE protein) /cds=(0.494)/gb=AL021977 /gi=4914526 /ug=Hs.51305 /len=2128 NM_003564 Homo sapiensTAGLN2 5.43 0.12 6.76 0.06 3.48 0.27 6.69 0.04 transgelin 2 (TAGLN2),mRNA. /PROD=transgelin 2 /FL=gb:D21261.1 gb:NM_003564.1 BC005107 Homosapiens, — 7.08 0.07 6.42 0.26 2.60 0.07 6.93 0.22 clone IMAGE:3840937,mRNA, partial cds. /PROD=Unknown (protein for IMAGE:3840937) NM_001124Homo sapiens ADM 4.70 0.22 7.61 0.19 5.21 0.06 7.58 0.21 adrenomedullin(ADM), mRNA. /PROD=adrenomedullin /FL=gb:NM_001124.1 gb:D14874.1AF280545 Homo sapiens NRP2 −0.29 0.33 1.40 0.30 −1.67 0.61 1.22 0.33neuropilin-2b(5) (NRP2) mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced./PROD=neuropilin-2b(5) /FL=gb:AF280544.1 gb:AF280545.1 NM_014624 Homosapiens S100A6 3.08 0.38 3.10 0.18 −0.57 0.37 3.24 0.19 S100calcium-binding protein A6 (calcyclin) (S100A6), mRNA. /PROD=S100calcium- binding protein A6 /FL=gb:NM_014624.2 gb:BC001431.1 AB030824Homo sapiens KLF5 0.57 0.24 2.16 0.49 −0.41 0.05 2.53 0.17 mRNA fortranscription factor BTEB2, complete cds. /PROD=transcription factorBTEB2 /FL=gb:AF132818.1 gb:AF287272.1 gb:AB030824.1 gb:NM_001730.1gb:D14520.1 NM_015675 Homo sapiens GADD45B 2.47 0.22 4.44 0.46 2.02 0.094.64 0.33 growth arrest and DNA- damage-inducible, beta (GADD45B), mRNA./PROD=DKFZP566B133 protein /FL=gb:NM_015675.1 gb:AF090950.1 BF347089tissue inhibitor of TIMP3 0.57 0.13 2.01 0.29 −0.19 0.20 2.09 0.44metalloproteinase 3 (Sorsby fundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory)/FL=gb:NM_000362.2 gb:U14394.1 gb:U67195.1 gb:U02571.1 BF056473 ESTs —−0.64 0.87 1.79 0.10 −0.73 0.34 1.57 0.23 AA809487 Homo sapiens — 0.520.22 3.68 0.43 1.39 0.22 3.89 0.48 cDNA: FLJ21715 fis, clone COL10287,highly similar to AF071569 Homo sapiens multifunctionalcalciumcalmodulin- dependent protein kinase II delta2 isoform mRNAAL575735 collagen, — 5.54 0.11 6.65 0.14 4.57 0.08 6.68 0.07 type V,alpha 2 /FL=gb:NM_000393.1 AF003934 Homo sapiens GDF15 2.74 0.20 4.010.41 0.72 0.17 4.34 0.50 prostate differentiation factor mRNA, completecds. /PROD=prostate differentiation factor /FL=gb:U88323.1 gb:BC000529.1gb:AF003934.1 gb:NM_004864.1 gb:AF019770.1 gb:AB000584.1 NM_000313 Homosapiens PROS1 −1.54 0.10 0.98 0.83 −0.62 0.09 1.79 0.86 protein S(alpha) (PROS1), mRNA. /PROD=protein S (alpha) /FL=gb:M15036.1gb:NM_000313.1 NM_016651 Homo sapiens DACT1 2.37 0.26 4.79 0.67 2.460.14 3.92 0.78 heptacellular carcinoma novel gene-3 protein (LOC51339),mRNA. /PROD=heptacellular carcinoma novel gene-3 protein/FL=gb:NM_016651.2 gb:AF251079.2 NM_020129 Homo sapiens LGALS14 1.380.30 3.15 0.70 0.79 0.04 2.47 0.66 placental protein 13-like protein(LOC56891), mRNA. /PROD=placental protein 13-like protein/FL=gb:NM_020129.1 gb:AF267852.1 NM_013451 Homo sapiens FER1L3 1.75 0.154.02 0.97 1.59 0.13 5.14 0.82 fer-1 (C. elegans)-like 3 (myoferlin)(FER1L3), mRNA. /PROD=fer-1 (C. elegans)-like 3 (myoferlin)/FL=gb:NM_013451.1 gb:AF182316.1 R72286 microfibrillar- MFAP4 −1.15 0.60−1.76 0.61 −2.37 0.22 −0.60 0.72 associated protein 4 AI417362 ESTs,Moderately FUT1 2.42 0.14 2.32 0.72 −0.46 0.53 1.70 0.59 similar toALU1_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY J SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H.sapiens) NM_001553 Homo sapiens IGFBP7 3.41 0.19 4.63 1.07 1.65 0.103.34 1.16 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), mRNA./PROD=insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 /FL=gb:NM_001553.1gb:L19182.1 BG285011 Homo sapiens ARID5B 0.05 0.22 1.79 0.21 −0.95 0.421.16 0.55 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp586N012 (from clone DKFZp586N012) BE967311Homo sapiens — 1.99 0.06 4.08 0.92 2.28 0.17 5.01 0.87 mRNA; cDNADKFZp762O1615 (from clone DKFZp762O1615) BC005047 Homo sapiens, DUSP62.50 0.32 4.04 0.67 1.56 0.16 2.94 0.84 clone MGC:12852, mRNA, completecds. /PROD=Unknown (protein for MGC:12852) /FL=gb:NM_001946.1gb:AB013382.1 gb:BC003562.1 gb:BC003143.1 gb:BC005047.1 AW005572putative 47 kDa ANKS1B −0.59 0.12 0.19 0.70 −1.59 0.07 0.86 0.92 proteinAW294092 ESTs RERG 0.54 0.16 −0.68 1.55 −2.78 0.92 −0.58 0.97 NM_001899Homo sapiens CST4 0.14 0.52 2.46 1.59 0.53 0.14 3.87 1.40 cystatin S(CST4), mRNA. /PROD=cystatin S /FL=gb:NM_001899.1 AI917371 ESTs — −1.470.95 0.18 1.43 −1.24 0.33 2.21 1.17 NM_000515 Homo sapiens CSH1 −2.360.29 1.92 0.10 −0.73 0.57 1.37 0.21 growth hormone 1 (GH1), transcriptvariant 1, mRNA. /PROD=growth hormone 1, isoform 1 precursor/FL=gb:NM_000515.2 NM_004414 Homo sapiens DSCR1 2.14 0.03 3.85 0.26 1.740.16 3.34 0.36 Down syndrome critical region gene 1 (DSCR1), mRNA./PROD=Down syndrome critical region protein 1 /FL=gb:U28833.2gb:NM_004414.2 AI355441 sprouty (Drosophila) — 0.24 0.48 1.72 0.50 −1.120.40 2.03 0.61 homolog 4 AB032953 Homo sapiens ODZ2 0.00 0.14 0.65 0.35−1.74 0.74 0.88 0.03 mRNA for KIAA1127 protein, partial cds./PROD=KIAA1127 protein BE048571 ESTs MGC16121 −1.66 0.78 1.44 1.00 −1.310.21 0.10 1.22 AW471145 ESTs PRSS23 0.87 0.10 3.46 0.35 1.13 0.11 3.370.53 BF196943 ESTs USP53 1.43 0.03 3.24 0.92 0.85 0.26 2.32 0.88AF498927 Homo sapiens ARHGDIB −0.03 0.19 0.04 0.96 −3.00 0.54 −0.85 0.93Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (ARHGDIB) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor beta /FL=gb:AF498927.1 AF329092Homo sapiens DOC1 −2.38 0.45 1.00 0.19 −1.62 0.74 0.75 0.11GPBP-interacting protein 90 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=GPBP-interactingprotein 90 /FL=gb:AF329092.1 BG250721 Homo sapiens — 2.48 0.04 4.54 0.952.63 0.14 5.31 0.83 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp564C2063 (from clone DKFZp564C2063)N69091 ESTs PCDH17 0.59 0.10 1.49 0.88 −1.11 0.69 2.49 0.78 BF589359ESTs PAG1 −1.11 0.52 −0.09 0.43 −1.54 0.12 0.50 0.13 BF968270 ESTsSLC35F3 0.37 0.02 1.84 0.30 0.10 0.17 2.46 0.36 NM_006183 Homo sapiensNTS 4.77 0.15 4.73 1.45 3.01 0.19 3.21 1.47 neurotensin (NTS), mRNA./PROD=neurotensin precursor /FL=gb:NM_006183.2 gb:U91618.1 D28124Cluster Incl. NBL1 2.90 0.03 4.24 0.37 2.09 0.08 4.44 0.38 D28124:HumanmRNA for unknown product, complete cds /cds=(61,603) /gb=D28124/gi=641821 /ug=Hs.76307 /len=1929 AW129593 tudor repeat TDRD7 1.19 0.192.40 0.87 0.92 0.04 3.27 0.89 associator with PCTAIRE 2 BE675435 corepromoter element KLF6 0.29 0.30 2.91 1.02 0.54 0.24 3.68 0.94 bindingprotein /FL=gb:AF001461.1 gb:BC000311.1 gb:NM_001300.2 gb:AB017493.1gb:BC004301.1 AI202327 ESTs CPEB2 1.88 0.09 3.42 0.07 0.99 0.10 3.360.03 NM_002228 Homo sapiens JUN 2.12 0.16 4.09 0.56 1.62 0.13 4.53 0.41v-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (JUN), mRNA. /PROD=v-junavian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog /FL=gb:NM_002228.2 gb:BC002646.1AF005775 Homo sapiens CFLAR 2.88 0.18 3.70 1.56 0.35 0.17 5.22 1.69caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein 2 (clarp) mRNA, alternativelyspliced, complete cds. /PROD=caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein 2/FL=gb:AF005775.1 NM_007173 Homo sapiens PRSS23 3.02 0.10 5.11 0.21 2.900.05 5.22 0.23 protease, serine, 23 (SPUVE), mRNA. /PROD=protease,serine, 23 /FL=gb:BC001278.1 gb:AF193611.1 gb:AF015287.1 gb:AL136914.1gb:NM_007173.1 NM_012413 Homo sapiens QPCT 1.44 0.09 0.97 0.85 −2.460.65 0.19 1.10 glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase (glutaminyl cyclase)(QPCT), mRNA. /PROD=glutaminyl- peptide cyclotransferase precursor/FL=gb:NM_012413.2 BU683415 Homo sapiens, KLF6 3.40 0.06 5.28 0.85 3.460.09 6.01 0.85 clone IMAGE:4096273, mRNA AV729634 DnaJ (Hsp40) DNAJC60.62 0.20 2.59 0.79 0.99 0.19 3.35 0.65 homolog, subfamily B, member 6/FL=gb:AB007942.1 gb:NM_014787.1 BC038556 Homo sapiens, — −0.79 0.400.12 0.99 −2.17 0.62 −0.08 0.38 clone IMAGE:3446976, mRNA. NM_014942Homo sapiens ANKRD6 0.62 0.04 2.17 1.11 0.59 0.23 3.30 1.07 KIAA0957protein (KIAA0957), mRNA. /PROD=KIAA0957 protein /FL=gb:AB023174.1gb:NM_014942.1 AF260333 Homo sapiens C4orf18 −1.58 0.10 0.21 1.21 −3.191.07 1.60 1.12 AD036 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=AD036 /FL=gb:AF260333.1AA448956 Homo sapiens CAMK2D 1.47 0.18 2.75 0.42 0.21 0.21 2.97 0.39cDNA: FLJ21715 fis, clone COL10287, highly similar to AF071569 Homosapiens multifunctional calciumcalmodulin- dependent protein kinase IIdelta2 isoform mRNA /FL=gb:AF071569.1 BE349115 ESTs COL22A1 −0.02 0.522.04 0.25 0.24 0.06 2.38 0.22 BF209337 Homo sapiens LOC541471 4.83 0.175.80 0.73 3.13 0.02 4.84 0.81 cDNA FLJ10934 fis, clone OVARC1000640AB019695 Homo sapiens — 2.43 0.01 4.15 0.40 1.42 0.05 3.50 0.29 mRNA forthioredoxin reductase II beta, complete cds. /PROD=thioredoxin reductaseII beta /FL=gb:AB019695.1 AK090497 Homo sapiens LOC284576 −3.78 0.56−2.87 1.42 −4.94 0.07 −4.74 0.53 cDNA FLJ33178 fis, clone ADRGL2002753.NM_006763 Homo sapiens BTG2 2.30 0.10 3.28 0.62 0.85 0.25 3.84 0.74 BTGfamily, member 2 (BTG2), mRNA. /PROD=BTG family, member 2/FL=gb:U72649.1 gb:NM_006763.1 BC002616 Homo sapiens, TAGLN2 5.61 0.205.56 0.17 2.91 0.18 5.40 0.12 transgelin 2, clone MGC:2989, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=transgelin 2 /FL=gb:BC002616.1 AF078077 Homo sapiensGADD45B 1.30 0.17 3.41 0.31 0.61 0.12 3.05 0.29 growth arrest andDNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45beta mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=growtharrest and DNA-damage- inducible proteinGADD45beta /FL=gb:AF087853.1gb:AF078077.1 NM_001854 Homo sapiens COL11A1 2.90 0.02 4.06 1.44 1.870.06 2.68 1.43 collagen, type XI, alpha 1 (COL11A1), mRNA./PROD=collagen, type XI, alpha 1 /FL=gb:J04177.1 gb:NM_001854.1 AI830201ESTs KIAA0773 −0.75 0.82 1.24 0.22 −1.87 0.51 0.40 0.22 N95437 ESTsLMCD1 0.74 0.12 2.72 0.57 0.39 0.14 3.05 0.42 BC002511 Homo sapiens,CBR1 3.72 0.02 1.03 2.43 −4.10 0.16 −1.64 2.36 carbonyl reductase 1,clone MGC:1920, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=carbonyl reductase 1/FL=gb:BC002511.1 gb:NM_001757.1 gb:J04056.1 AV682252 HIV-1 rev binding— −0.33 0.15 1.78 1.36 −0.24 0.17 0.41 1.29 protein 2 AW263497 ESTsSYTL5 −1.05 0.25 1.44 0.38 −0.55 0.41 2.11 0.47 AF130095 Homo sapiens —5.80 0.14 6.80 0.49 4.54 0.10 7.35 0.36 clone FLC0562 PRO2841 mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=PRO2841 /FL=gb:AF130095.1 H92988 tyrosine C9orf192.00 0.06 3.54 0.91 1.93 0.14 4.61 0.81 3-monooxygenase- tryptophan5-monooxygenase activation protein, eta polypeptide X02761 Human mRNAfor FN1 5.67 0.17 6.65 0.54 4.52 0.21 7.21 0.42 fibronectin (FNprecursor). /PROD=fibronectin precursor AI016316 ESTs — 0.24 0.18 1.191.17 −0.33 0.18 0.25 1.18 NM_006622 Homo sapiens PLK2 4.64 0.14 5.880.45 3.50 0.06 5.19 0.47 serum-inducible kinase (SNK), mRNA./PROD=serum-inducible kinase /FL=gb:AF059617.1 gb:NM_006622.1gb:AF223574.1 NM_013238 Homo sapiens DNAJC15 −2.27 0.60 3.79 2.03 4.070.09 5.58 2.31 DNAJ domain- containing (MCJ), mRNA. /PROD=DNAJ domain-containing /FL=gb:NM_013238.1 gb:AF126743.1 AK026737 Homo sapiens FN15.86 0.14 6.85 0.49 4.66 0.08 7.39 0.37 cDNA: FLJ23084 fis, cloneLNG06602, highly similar to HSFIB1 Human mRNA for fibronectin (FNprecursor). NM_001458 Homo sapiens FLNC 3.28 0.17 4.17 0.70 2.11 0.173.39 0.64 filamin C, gamma (actin-binding protein-280) (FLNC), mRNA./PROD=gamma filamin /FL=gb:AF089841.1 gb:NM_001458.1 AK025843 Homosapiens PALLD 1.58 0.31 3.38 0.15 1.03 0.20 3.29 0.19 cDNA: FLJ22190fis, clone HRC01053. /FL=gb:AF151909.1 gb:AF077041.1 gb:NM_016081.1BC005858 Homo sapiens, FN1 5.86 0.10 6.86 0.49 4.70 0.19 7.37 0.36 cloneMGC:3255, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Unknown (protein for MGC:3255)/FL=gb:BC005858.1 BG491844 v-jun avian sarcoma JUN 3.53 0.08 5.45 0.473.42 0.11 5.91 0.34 virus 17 oncogene homolog /FL=gb:NM_002228.2gb:BC002646.1 AA284532 tyrosine C9orf19 2.19 0.11 4.12 0.84 2.43 0.084.93 0.90 3-monooxygenase- tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activationprotein, eta polypeptide AA192306 triadin TRDN −2.54 0.69 0.02 0.61−1.99 0.31 0.57 0.63 /FL=gb:U18985.1 gb:NM_006073.1 AF116676 Homosapiens — 1.50 0.18 3.31 1.11 1.37 0.15 4.23 1.05 PRO1957 mRNA, completecds. /PROD=PRO1957 /FL=gb:AF116676.1 NM_003033 Homo sapiens ST3GAL1−0.08 0.18 1.68 1.04 0.20 0.16 2.74 0.74 sialyltransferase 4A(beta-galactosidase alpha-2,3- sialytransferase) (SIAT4A), mRNA./PROD=sialyl- transferase 4A (beta-galactosidase- alpha-2,3-sialytransferase) /FL=gb:L13972.1 gb:L29555.1 gb:NM_003033.1 AI222435ESTs — −4.14 1.52 −0.73 0.32 −2.33 0.62 −0.33 0.12 NM_001924 Homosapiens GADD45A 3.59 0.09 5.04 0.44 3.06 0.17 5.38 0.48 growth arrestand DNA-damage-inducible, alpha (GADD45A), mRNA. /PROD=growth arrest andDNA-damage- inducible, alpha /FL=gb:M60974.1 gb:NM_001924.2 NM_001425Homo sapiens EMP3 2.76 0.18 3.90 0.64 1.51 0.06 3.13 0.57 epithelialmembrane protein 3 (EMP3), mRNA. /PROD=epithelial membrane protein 3/FL=gb:U52101.1 gb:NM_001425.1 gb:U87947.1 AB017493 Homo sapiens KLF61.69 0.20 4.02 1.01 1.80 0.08 4.87 0.87 mRNA for DNA-binding zincfinger(GBF), complete cds. /PROD=DNA-binding zinc finger(GBF)/FL=gb:AF001461.1 gb:BC000311.1 gb:NM_001300.2 gb:AB017493.1gb:BC004301.1 X58851 Human MLC1emb — 0.99 0.16 2.75 1.28 1.12 0.15 4.041.14 gene for embryonic myosin alkaline light chain, promoter and exon 1BE327172 v-jun avian sarcoma — 0.86 0.15 2.94 0.51 1.14 0.08 3.57 0.45virus 17 oncogene homolog U37283 Human microfibril- MFAP5 0.48 0.19 1.870.26 0.15 0.35 1.36 0.47 associated glycoprotein-2 MAGP-2 mRNA, completecds. /PROD=microfibril- associated glycoprotein-2 MAGP-2/FL=gb:NM_003480.1 gb:U37283.1 AI819043 ESTs CREB5 0.92 0.26 2.63 0.730.65 0.15 1.80 0.79 NM_001511 Homo sapiens CXCL1 1.01 0.13 2.95 0.350.31 0.08 2.39 0.27 GRO1 oncogene (melanoma growth stimulating activity,alpha) (GRO1), mRNA. /PROD=GRO1 oncogene (melanoma growthstimulatingactivity, alpha) /FL=gb:NM_001511.1 NM_006736 Homo sapiensDNAJB2 2.23 0.04 3.46 0.44 1.10 0.02 3.75 0.41 heat shock protein,neuronal DNAJ-like 1 (HSJ1), mRNA. /PROD=heat shock protein, neuronalDNAJ-like 1 /FL=gb:NM_006736.1 AA534817 ESTs, Weakly similar EDG3 2.320.06 3.28 1.04 2.08 0.04 4.58 1.04 to ALU8_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SXSEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) U82164 Humantransmembrane CD99 4.73 0.15 5.69 0.73 3.19 0.07 6.36 0.93 protein CD99type II mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=CD99 typeII /FL=gb:BC002584.1gb:NM_002414.1 gb:M16279.1 gb:BC003147.1 gb:U82164.1 NM_000389 Homosapiens CDKN1A 4.03 0.02 4.20 0.12 1.81 0.07 4.16 0.05 cyclin-dependentkinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) (CDKN1A), mRNA. /PROD=cyclin-dependentkinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) /FL=gb:U03106.1 gb:BC000275.1gb:BC001935.1 gb:L25610.1 gb:U09579.1 gb:NM_000389.1 gb:L26165.1NM_001299 Homo sapiens CNN1 3.75 0.15 5.75 0.50 3.47 0.11 5.14 0.43calponin 1, basic, smooth muscle (CNN1), mRNA. /PROD=calponin 1, basic,smooth muscle /FL=gb:U37019.1 gb:NM_001299.1 gb:D17408.1 M36172 Humanembryonic myosin MYL4 1.55 0.21 3.30 1.05 1.21 0.13 4.11 1.06 alkalilight chain (MLC1) mRNA, complete cds. /FL=gb:M36172.1 gb:M24121.1gb:NM_002476.1 AB033831 Homo sapiens PDGFC 0.48 0.21 0.63 0.15 −1.870.96 0.21 0.16 hSCDGF mRNA for spinal cord-derived growth factor,complete cds. /PROD=spinal cord- derived growth factor/FL=gb:NM_016205.1 gb:AB033831.1 gb:AF091434.1 gb:AF244813.1 NM_014333Homo sapiens IGSF4 3.11 0.09 4.12 0.27 1.85 0.06 3.79 0.24immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4 (IGSF4), mRNA. /PROD=immunoglobulinsuperfamily, member 4 /FL=gb:NM_014333.1 gb:AF132811.1 AF345910 Homosapiens TTC29 0.35 0.26 1.53 0.93 −0.51 0.52 0.91 0.72 NYD-SP14 mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=NYD-SP14 /FL=gb:AF345910.1 NM_004297 Homo sapiensGNA14 4.59 0.06 4.52 1.59 1.95 0.11 2.95 1.50 guanine nucleotide bindingprotein (G protein), alpha 14 (GNA14), mRNA. /PROD=guanine nucleotidebinding protein (G protein), alpha 14 /FL=gb:AF105201.1 gb:NM_004297.1AK057525 Homo sapiens — 3.60 0.08 4.45 0.44 2.00 0.16 4.80 0.46 cDNAFLJ32963 fis, clone TESTI2008405. BC000893 Homo sapiens, HIST1H2BK 2.800.06 3.99 0.90 2.48 0.09 4.81 0.82 H2B histone family, member A, cloneMGC:5132, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=H2B histone family, member A/FL=gb:BC000893.1 NM_007038 Homo sapiens ADAMTS5 0.23 0.17 1.80 0.480.45 0.28 1.11 0.73 a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysintype) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5 (aggrecanase-2) (ADAMTS5),mRNA. /PROD=a disintegrin and metalloprotease withthrombospondinmotifs-5 preproprotein /FL=gb:NM_007038.1 gb:AF14209 AW241910 ESTs,Weakly similar COL22A1 −0.21 0.12 1.15 0.47 −0.57 0.18 1.90 0.51 toJX0369 collagen alpha 1(XIX) chain precursor (H. sapiens) AI860150 ESTs,Weakly similar FOSL2 −0.43 0.55 1.59 0.37 −0.34 0.10 1.08 0.20 to A49134Ig kappa chain V-I region (H. sapiens) NM_005902 Homo sapiens SMAD3 1.090.41 1.49 0.25 −1.10 0.89 1.73 0.10 MAD (mothers againstdecapentaplegic, Drosophila) homolog 3 (MADH3), mRNA. /PROD=MAD (mothersagainst decapentaplegic. Drosophila) homolog 3 /FL=gb:U68019.1gb:U76622.1 gb:NM_005902.1 AA777512 Homo sapiens CAMK2D 2.27 0.15 3.670.47 1.67 0.08 3.99 0.51 cDNA: FLJ21715 fis, clone COL10287, highlysimilar to AF071569 Homo sapiens multifunctional calciumcalmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta2 isoform mRNA AI130705 ESTs, Weaklysimilar FAM89A 0.80 0.00 1.96 0.99 0.43 0.18 2.70 0.97 to A46302 PTB-associated splicing factor, long form (H. sapiens) NM_007061 Homosapiens CDC42EP1 1.86 0.11 2.51 0.29 0.16 0.27 2.00 0.17 serumconstituent protein (MSE55), mRNA. /PROD=serum constituent protein/FL=gb:M88338.1 gb:NM_007061.1 NM_003407 Homo sapiens ZFP36 2.55 0.143.53 0.55 1.49 0.28 3.98 0.47 zinc finger protein homologous to Zfp-36in mouse (ZFP36), mRNA. /PROD=zinc finger protein homologous to Zfp-36inmouse /FL=gb:NM_003407.1 gb:M92843.1 gb:M63625.1 BC033088 Homosapiens, LMNA 2.03 0.22 2.89 0.45 0.69 0.24 1.79 0.50 Similar to laminAC, clone MGC:45654 IMAGE:3623265, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Similar tolamin AC /FL=gb:BC033088.1 U97075 Homo sapiens CFLAR 2.50 0.09 3.39 1.450.73 0.08 4.93 1.54 FLICE-like inhibitory protein short form mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=FLICE-like inhibitory protein short form/FL=gb:U97075.1 AF133207 Homo sapiens HSPB8 2.54 0.07 4.47 0.62 2.220.04 4.88 0.58 protein kinase (H11) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=proteinkinase /FL=gb:AF133207.1 NM_005979 Homo sapiens S100A13 4.10 0.11 5.671.17 3.92 0.02 6.81 1.20 S100 calcium-binding protein A13 (S100A13),mRNA. /PROD=S100 calcium- binding protein A13 /FL=gb:BC000632.1gb:NM_005979.1 AL040178 ESTs PEAR1 −0.87 0.08 0.51 0.36 −1.16 0.30 0.480.26 AL117523 Homo sapiens SAMD4A 0.47 0.06 1.59 0.61 −0.24 0.30 1.280.53 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp434H0350 (from clone DKFZp434H0350); partial cds./PROD=hypothetical protein AB051826 Homo sapiens RHOU 0.55 0.23 2.180.61 0.17 0.29 2.73 0.65 hG28K mRNA for GTP-binding protein like 1,complete cds. /PROD=GTP-binding protein like 1 /FL=gb:AF282258.1gb:NM_021205.1 gb:AB051826.1 BC005961 Homo sapiens, PTHLH −3.33 0.69−0.88 0.81 −2.86 0.77 −1.97 1.36 parathyroid hormone-like hormone, cloneMGC:14611, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=parathyroid hormone-like hormone/FL=gb:BC005961.1 AI670948 ESTs NODAL 2.13 0.04 2.37 0.22 0.42 0.13 2.780.38 AI685060 caldesmon 1 CALD1 4.34 0.33 6.42 0.73 4.45 0.09 5.63 0.82/FL=gb:M64110.1 gb:NM_004342.2 BF797381 Homo sapiens CAMK2D 3.16 0.134.91 0.65 3.10 0.10 5.49 0.61 cDNA: FLJ21715 fis, clone COL10287, highlysimilar to AF071569 Homo sapiens multifunctional calciumcalmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta2 isoform mRNA AF026219 Homo sapiensDLC1 1.16 0.07 2.28 1.13 0.61 0.09 3.52 0.84 HP protein (HP) mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=HP protein /FL=gb:AF026219.1 gb:AF035119.1gb:NM_006094.2 AK024480 Homo sapiens LOC126917 1.64 0.11 2.86 0.24 1.190.06 2.58 0.25 mRNA for FLJ00074 protein, partial cds. /PROD=FLJ00074protein N29837 ESTs LIX1 −1.43 0.15 −0.11 0.33 −1.50 0.45 −0.22 0.22AK001022 Homo sapiens ISL2 0.41 0.34 2.14 0.39 0.32 0.08 1.57 0.49 cDNAFLJ10160 fis, clone HEMBA1003545, highly similar to INSULIN GENEENHANCER PROTEIN ISL-2. NM_000047 Homo sapiens ARSE 1.37 0.11 2.45 1.030.59 0.05 3.18 1.23 arylsulfatase E (chondrodysplasia punctata 1)(ARSE), mRNA. /PROD=arylsulfatase E precursor /FL=gb:X83573.1gb:NM_000047.1 NM_006379 Homo sapiens SEMA3C 0.24 0.25 1.08 0.00 −0.340.05 0.86 0.18 sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basicdomain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3C (SEMA3C), mRNA. /PROD=sema domain,immunoglobulin domain(Ig), shortbasic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3C/FL=gb:NM_006379.1 gb:AB000220.1 NM_007127 Homo sapiens VIL1 0.31 0.301.92 0.49 0.02 0.22 2.54 0.68 villin 1 (VIL1), mRNA. /PROD=villin 1/FL=gb:NM_007127.1 U76549 Human cytokeratin 8 KRT8 5.41 0.16 5.87 0.563.79 0.05 6.34 0.57 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=cytokeratin 8/FL=gb:BC000654.1 gb:U76549.1 gb:NM_002273.1 gb:M26324.1 gb:M34225.1NM_004904 Homo sapiens CREB5 0.92 0.23 1.84 0.37 0.00 0.06 1.21 0.80cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BPa (H_GS165L15.1), mRNA./PROD=cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BPa /FL=gb:NM_004904.1gb:L05911.1 AW082836 ESTs, Weakly WNK4 −1.17 0.26 0.98 0.38 −0.97 0.200.05 0.86 similar to B34087 hypothetical protein (H. sapiens) BE568134death receptor 6 TNFRSF21 4.76 0.06 5.90 0.54 3.94 0.08 6.28 0.58/FL=gb:NM_014452.1 gb:AF068868.1 NM_002845 Homo sapiens PTPRM 2.50 0.103.43 0.46 1.34 0.19 3.76 0.50 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptortype, M (PTPRM), mRNA. /PROD=protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptortype, mupolypeptide /FL=gb:NM_002845.1 AI949419 ESTs — −0.11 0.21 1.720.64 −0.47 0.01 2.39 0.77 AK024680 Homo sapiens NRP2 0.42 0.02 2.65 0.170.98 0.09 2.86 0.17 cDNA: FLJ21027 fis, clone CAE07110./FL=gb:NM_018534.1 BE542563 ESTs LOC643277 2.20 0.10 0.54 1.49 −3.730.40 −1.74 1.96 AW005572 putative 47 kDa ANKS1B −1.21 0.52 −0.24 0.82−1.19 0.55 1.05 0.64 protein AW665892 paternally expressed 3 MFAP5 −3.870.82 −1.56 1.24 −2.40 0.24 −3.49 2.10 NM_006206 Homo sapiens PDGFRA 0.920.18 2.34 0.74 0.72 0.09 3.18 0.62 platelet-derived growth factorreceptor, alpha polypeptide (PDGFRA), mRNA. /PROD=platelet- derivedgrowth factor receptor, alphapolypeptide /FL=gb:NM_006206.1 gb:M21574.1NM_002425 Homo sapiens MMP10 −1.21 0.70 1.21 0.88 −0.37 0.28 0.52 0.45matrix metalloproteinase 10 (stromelysin 2) (MMP10), mRNA. /PROD=matrixmetalloproteinase 10 preproprotein /FL=gb:BC002591.1 gb:NM_002425.1NM_004338 Homo sapiens C18orf1 −0.79 0.22 −0.09 0.39 −1.57 0.43 0.500.02 chromosome 18 open reading frame 1 (C18ORF1), mRNA./PROD=chromosome 18 open reading frame 1 /FL=gb:NM_004338.1gb:AF009426.1 AF052094 Homo sapiens EPAS1 0.75 0.12 2.28 0.19 0.42 0.211.74 0.33 clone 23698 mRNA sequence. /FL=gb:U51626.1 gb:U81984.1gb:NM_001430.1 BF126155 ESTs S100A10 −0.32 0.25 1.24 0.28 −0.65 0.331.02 0.44 AI860212 phosphoprotein PAG1 −0.17 0.22 1.37 0.28 −0.40 0.231.25 0.13 associated with GEMs /FL=gb:AF240634.1 gb:NM_018440.1 AL110298Homo sapiens SLC2A14 5.13 0.06 6.03 0.58 3.97 0.24 6.33 0.73 mRNA; cDNADKFZp564K1672 (from clone DKFZp564K1672); partial cds./PROD=hypothetical protein AY048775 Homo sapiens MANEA −0.47 0.40 0.710.90 −0.69 0.35 1.23 0.81 mandaselin long form mRNA, complete cds./PROD=mandaselin long form /FL=gb:AY048775.1 M99436 Cluster Incl. TLE22.65 0.07 4.05 0.66 1.95 0.13 4.76 0.61 M99436:Human transducin-likeenhancer protein (TLE2) mRNA, complete cds /cds=(25,2256) /gb=M99436/gi=307511 /ug=Hs.173063 /len=2271 NM_014061 Homo sapiens MAGEH1 2.040.23 3.84 1.17 1.08 0.24 4.86 1.12 APR-1 protein (APR-1), mRNA./PROD=APR-1 protein /FL=gb:AF320912.1 gb:AF143235.3 gb:NM_014061.1AL577531 caldesmon 1 CALD1 5.79 0.06 6.06 0.75 4.07 0.06 5.13 0.77/FL=gb:M64110.1 gb:NM_004342.2 AI082237 proprotein TAGLN 1.38 0.21 3.200.33 1.55 0.15 2.74 0.44 convertase subtilisinkexin type 7 BF055171acyl-Coenzyme A ACOX3 0.88 0.22 2.52 0.83 1.27 0.06 3.73 0.81 oxidase 3,pristanoyl /FL=gb:NM_003501.1 AF231124 Homo sapiens SPOCK1 2.84 0.094.17 0.95 2.71 0.07 5.38 1.00 testican-1 mRNA, complete cds./PROD=testican-1 /FL=gb:NM_004598.1 gb:AF231124.1 AA588092 ESTs SLC40A1−1.53 0.23 −0.94 0.51 −2.42 0.33 0.27 0.27 AK094809 Homo sapiens RASGRF23.20 0.05 3.64 0.77 1.95 0.24 2.95 0.74 cDNA FLJ37490 fis, cloneBRAWH2014934, highly similar to GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE RELEASING PROTEIN.NM_013959 Homo sapiens NRG1 1.50 0.20 3.22 0.68 1.34 0.13 3.78 0.75neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant SMDF, mRNA. /PROD=neuregulin 1isoform SMDF /FL=gb:L41827.1 gb:NM_013959.1 NM_004887 Homo sapiensCXCL14 0.70 0.07 1.70 0.37 −0.15 0.11 2.36 0.63 small inducible cytokinesubfamily B (Cys-X-Cys), member 14 (BRAK) (SCYB14), mRNA. /PROD=smallinducible cytokine subfamily B(Cys-X-Cys), member 14 (BRAK)/FL=gb:AF144103.1 gb:AF106911.1 gb:AF073957.1 gb:BC003513.1gb:NM_004887.1 T77995 Homo sapiens — −0.20 0.16 0.82 0.50 −1.70 0.241.17 0.06 cDNA FLJ13392 fis, clone PLACE1001280 NM_030971 Homo sapiensSFXN3 −0.43 0.59 −0.01 0.78 −1.92 0.17 −1.25 0.43 similar to rattricarboxylate carrier-like protein (BA108L7.2), mRNA. /PROD=similar torat tricarboxylate carrier-likeprotein /FL=gb:NM_030971.1 H25097KIAA1350 protein USP53 3.25 0.05 4.57 0.20 2.96 0.04 4.47 0.13 NM_004932Homo sapiens CDH6 −3.58 1.16 −1.12 0.51 −2.14 0.63 −0.88 0.39 cadherin6, type 2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney) (CDH6), mRNA. /PROD=cadherin 6,type 2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney) /FL=gb:D31784.1 gb:NM_004932.1 N21426hypothetical protein SYTL2 2.41 0.09 3.44 1.22 1.70 0.06 2.02 1.21FLJ20163 AA234096 KIAA0963 protein MGC16121 0.38 0.16 1.74 0.63 −0.130.04 1.10 0.65 AV734843 hypothetical protein OBFC2A 0.62 0.06 1.62 0.790.09 0.02 1.25 0.73 FLJ22833 AL519710 immunoglobulin IGSF4 3.86 0.024.95 0.26 3.22 0.12 4.66 0.27 superfamily, member 4 /FL=gb:NM_014333.1gb:AF132811.1 N32834 HIV-1 rev binding — −0.28 0.36 1.58 0.97 −0.23 0.180.33 1.17 protein 2 AF132811 Homo sapiens IGSF4 2.23 0.07 3.85 0.28 2.170.10 3.58 0.34 nectin-like protein 2 (NECL2) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=nectin-like protein 2 /FL=gb:NM_014333.1 gb:AF132811.1 J04177Cluster Incl. COL11A1 3.28 0.22 4.44 1.22 2.32 0.03 3.03 1.31J04177:Human alpha-1 type XI collagen (COL11A1) mRNA, complete cds/cds=(161,5581) /gb=J04177 /gi=179729 /ug=Hs.82772 /len=6158 AI982754clusterin (complement CLU 0.17 0.14 1.86 0.94 0.39 0.13 0.97 0.83 lysisinhibitor, SP-40,40, sulfated glycoprotein 2, testosterone- repressedprostate message 2, apolipoprotein J) NM_003501 Homo sapiens ACOX3 0.430.32 2.10 0.91 0.79 0.08 3.19 0.95 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 3, pristanoyl(ACOX3), mRNA. /PROD=acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 3, pristanoyl/FL=gb:NM_003501.1 AF144103 Homo sapiens CXCL14 1.69 0.13 2.16 0.55 0.400.21 2.73 0.69 NJAC protein (NJAC) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=NJACprotein /FL=gb:AF144103.1 gb:AF106911.1 gb:AF073957.1 gb:BC003513.1gb:NM_004887.1 NM_005451 Homo sapiens PDLIM7 2.58 0.12 3.12 0.50 1.300.16 2.65 0.37 enigma (LIM domain protein) (ENIGMA), mRNA. /PROD=enigmaprotein /FL=gb:BC001093.1 gb:NM_005451.2 gb:AF265209.1 NM_004472 Homosapiens FOXD1 −0.85 0.80 2.04 0.55 0.71 0.23 1.70 0.74 forkhead box D1(FOXD1), mRNA. /PROD=forkhead box D1 /FL=gb:U59832.1 gb:NM_004472.1AF332197 Homo sapiens SIX2 0.36 0.24 0.72 0.12 −0.44 0.35 1.05 0.15adult SIX2 (SIX2) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=SIX2 /FL=gb:AF332197.1gb:NM_016932.1 gb:AF136940.1 AB046817 Homo sapiens SYTL2 2.88 0.17 4.091.09 2.50 0.05 3.12 1.03 mRNA for KIAA1597 protein, partial cds./PROD=KIAA1597 protein AK093435 Homo sapiens FLJ36116 4.75 0.02 4.591.53 2.46 0.18 6.15 1.46 cDNA FLJ36116 fis, clone TESTI2022338.NM_004815 Homo sapiens ARHGAP29 2.18 0.02 3.18 0.82 1.69 0.03 4.15 0.69PTPL1-associated RhoGAP 1 (PARG1), mRNA. /PROD=PTPL1- associated RhoGAP1 /FL=gb:U90920.1 gb:NM_004815.1 BG028597 ESTs COL11A1 0.19 0.02 1.611.02 −0.11 0.38 0.48 1.09 AB019562 Homo sapiens SPP1 0.58 0.14 2.79 1.071.10 0.02 1.21 1.06 mRNA expressed only in placental villi, cloneSMAP41. NM_002346 Homo sapiens LY6E 3.54 0.06 3.92 1.16 1.81 0.23 4.931.39 lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E), mRNA./PROD=lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E /FL=gb:U42376.1gb:NM_002346.1 gb:U56145.1 BF589515 ESTs TMEM16D 0.63 0.24 1.94 0.850.90 0.20 1.47 0.75 AL037401 nuclear receptor NR2F2 −2.00 0.30 0.58 0.67−2.19 0.13 0.82 0.66 subfamily 2, group F, member 2 /FL=gb:M64497.1NM_000783 Homo sapiens CYP26A1 3.92 0.27 6.28 1.06 6.29 0.09 7.31 0.98cytochrome P450, subfamily XXVIA, polypeptide 1 (CYP26A1), mRNA./PROD=cytochrome P450, subfamily XXVIA, polypeptide 1 /FL=gb:NM_000783.1gb:AF005418.1 U16307 Human glioma GLIPR1 −0.11 0.03 1.16 0.95 −0.46 0.770.35 0.77 pathogenesis-related protein (GliPR) mRNA, complete cds./PROD=glioma pathogenesis-related protein /FL=gb:NM_006851.1 gb:U16307.1NM_001233 Homo sapiens CAV2 4.07 0.07 4.42 0.90 2.82 0.08 3.44 0.85caveolin 2 (CAV2), mRNA. /PROD=caveolin 2 /FL=gb:AF035752.1gb:BC005256.1 gb:NM_001233.1 AA211909 ESTs C20orf100 0.62 0.17 1.93 1.00−0.21 0.11 0.72 0.99 AK057525 Homo sapiens — 2.17 0.13 2.97 0.77 0.970.08 3.68 0.60 cDNA FLJ32963 fis, clone TESTI2008405. BF344237 Homosapiens — −2.82 0.20 −0.92 0.64 −0.73 0.67 −1.25 1.03 mRNA; cDNADKFZp564N1116 (from clone DKFZp564N1116) NM_014481 Homo sapiens APEX22.76 0.15 3.18 0.80 1.57 0.11 3.91 0.93 apurinicapyrimidinicendonuclease(APEX nuclease)-like 2 protein (APEXL2), mRNA./PROD=apurini- capyrimidinic endo- nuclease(APEXnuclease)- like 2protein /FL=gb:AB049211.1 gb:NM_014481.1 gb:BC002959.1 gb:AB021260.1gb:AF119046.1 AI912583 HIV-1 rev binding KRR1 1.10 0.23 2.68 1.04 1.310.06 1.53 1.01 protein 2 BI254089 Homo sapiens ADAMTS5 −1.40 0.26 −0.010.31 −1.71 0.64 −0.79 0.52 full length insert cDNA clone ZD50E03BF197655 caveolin 2 CAV2 3.51 0.10 3.54 0.94 2.32 0.09 2.70 0.85/FL=gb:AF035752.1 gb:BC005256.1 gb:NM_001233.1 NM_001955 Homo sapiensEDN1 2.84 0.15 2.97 0.95 1.01 0.14 1.75 1.03 endothelin 1 (EDN1), mRNA./PROD=endothelin 1 /FL=gb:NM_001955.1 NM_003319 Homo sapiens TTN 1.280.19 0.62 0.86 −0.92 0.42 2.00 0.55 titin (TTN), mRNA. /PROD=titin/FL=gb:NM_003319.1 BE965029 Homo sapiens MICAL2 0.60 0.21 1.95 0.64 0.210.19 0.83 0.78 cDNA: FLJ22463 fis, clone HRC10126 AI452457 ESTs C1orf168−1.48 0.53 0.02 0.93 −1.87 0.07 1.05 0.94 AI733465 collagen, type IX,COL9A2 0.96 0.13 1.99 1.00 1.17 0.14 2.94 0.86 alpha 2/FL=gb:NM_001852.1 NM_006103 Homo sapiens WFDC2 4.02 0.11 5.11 1.05 3.390.04 6.19 1.10 epididymis-specific, whey-acidic protein type,four-disulfide core; putative ovarian carcinoma marker (HE4), mRNA./PROD=epididymis- specific, whey-acidic protein type, four- disulfidecore; putative ovarian carcinoma marker /FL=gb:NM_00610 NM_017540 Homosapiens GALNT10 1.46 0.18 2.68 0.78 0.97 0.23 3.47 0.82 hypotheticalprotein DKFZp586H0623 (DKFZp586H0623), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical proteinDKFZp586H0623 /FL=gb:NM_017540.1 W72527 phosphoserine SLC1A4 −0.65 0.090.38 0.80 −0.63 0.62 −0.72 0.09 aminotransferase NM_003468 Homo sapiensFZD5 1.35 0.26 3.43 1.21 1.45 0.10 4.43 1.16 frizzled (Drosophila)homolog 5 (FZD5), mRNA. /PROD=frizzled 5 /FL=gb:NM_003468.1 gb:U43318.1H15920 ESTs, Weakly similar MRGPRF 2.34 0.18 3.62 1.02 2.11 0.11 2.870.84 to RTA RAT PROBABLE G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR RTA (R. norvegicus)U83508 Human angiopoietin-1 ANGPT1 1.06 0.11 1.49 0.44 −0.32 0.27 0.320.79 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=angiopoietin-1 /FL=gb:NM_001146.1gb:D13628.1 gb:U83508.1 AF043179 Homo sapiens PRSS1 2.42 0.12 3.07 0.811.71 0.10 2.30 0.60 T cell receptor beta chain (TCRBV13S1- TCRBJ2S1)mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=T cell receptor beta chain /FL=gb:AF043179.1AU157541 hypothetical protein — 1.39 0.08 2.12 0.42 0.55 0.18 1.41 0.77FLJ22833 /FL=gb:NM_022837.1 AF114264 Homo sapiens NEXN 1.37 0.21 2.860.51 1.72 0.16 1.96 0.76 clone HH409 unknown mRNA. /PROD=unknownBE965029 Homo sapiens MICAL2 1.58 0.19 2.58 0.51 1.32 0.13 1.40 0.74cDNA: FLJ22463 fis, clone HRC10126 AB028976 Homo sapiens SAMD4A 2.890.08 3.65 0.66 2.04 0.17 2.78 0.81 mRNA for KIAA1053 protein, partialcds. /PROD=KIAA1053 protein AI670862 ESTs, Weakly similar FOSL2 0.170.21 2.05 0.57 0.45 0.16 1.18 0.65 to A49134 Ig kappa chain V-I region(H. sapiens) L03203 Human peripheral PMP22 0.37 0.24 1.95 0.84 0.31 0.262.77 0.91 myelin protein 22 (GAS3) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=peripheralmyelin protein 22 /FL=gb:L03203.1 AI571798 Rho GDP dissociation ARHGDIA0.89 0.06 −0.54 0.26 −3.00 0.89 −2.58 0.87 inhibitor (GDI) alpha X57348Cluster Incl. — 2.94 0.04 4.07 0.41 2.70 0.08 3.69 0.41 X57348: H.sapiens mRNA (clone 9112) /cds=(165,911) /gb=X57348 /gi=23939/ug=Hs.184510 /len=1407 AF051851 Homo sapiens SVIL 2.03 0.18 2.28 0.621.13 0.20 1.71 0.69 supervillin mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=supervillin/FL=gb:AF051851.1 gb:NM_003174.2 gb:AF051850.1 M95929 Human homeoboxprotein — 0.07 0.43 1.27 0.58 −0.02 0.19 0.64 0.61 (PHOX1) mRNA, 3 end./PROD=homeobox protein BG251266 FOS-like antigen-1 FOSL1 1.94 0.06 2.410.46 1.25 0.05 1.93 0.36 /FL=gb:NM_005438.1 AW298375 ESTs — −0.40 0.300.46 0.63 −0.09 0.20 −0.58 1.07 NM_004362 Homo sapiens CLGN 0.90 0.301.95 0.96 0.69 0.11 3.11 1.01 calmegin (CLGN), mRNA. /PROD=calmegin/FL=gb:NM_004362.1 gb:D86322.1 AF001540 calcineurin-binding — 0.10 0.152.84 0.70 0.42 0.44 1.64 0.39 protein calsarcin-1 NM_001191 Homo sapiensBCL2L1 1.21 0.22 0.58 0.35 −1.89 0.35 −1.09 1.03 BCL2-like 1 (BCL2L1),mRNA. /PROD=BCL 2-like 1 /FL=gb:NM_001191.1 NM_003316 Homo sapiens TTC33.90 0.15 5.15 0.98 3.68 0.12 6.19 0.97 tetratricopeptide repeat domain3 (TTC3), mRNA. /PROD=tetra- tricopeptide repeat domain 3/FL=gb:D84295.1 gb:NM_003316.1 L16895 Human lysyl — −0.66 0.24 0.53 0.14−0.63 0.15 0.14 0.19 oxidase (LOX) gene, exon 7 AI912976 ESTs RASGRF23.13 0.08 4.05 0.56 2.66 0.16 3.54 0.64 NM_012242 Homo sapiens DKK1 0.470.29 0.73 0.04 0.49 0.51 1.09 0.23 dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 1(DKK1), mRNA. /PROD=dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 1/FL=gb:AF177394.1 gb:NM_012242.1 gb:AF127563.1 AL096776 Human DNAsequence — 1.94 0.07 3.41 0.16 2.40 0.07 3.40 0.14 from clone RP4-646B12on chromosome 1q42.11-42.3. Contains an FTH1 (ferritin, heavypolypeptide 1) (FTHL6) pseudogene, the gene for a novel Ras familyprotein, ESTs, STSs, GSSs and a putative CpG island /FL=gb:AF282258.1gb:NM_0212 BC005997 Homo sapiens, — 1.12 0.25 0.95 0.44 2.04 0.07 1.510.22 clone MGC:14801, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Unknown (protein forMGC:14801) /FL=gb:BC005997.1 AF074979 Homo sapiens RGS20 −0.52 0.18−0.04 0.38 −1.30 0.09 −0.34 0.13 regulator of G protein signaling-Z(RGSZ1) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=regulator of G protein signaling/FL=gb:AF060877.2 gb:AF074979.1 gb:NM_003702.2 BF060767 ESTs ADAMTS5−0.36 0.15 0.80 0.33 0.22 0.14 0.40 0.56 AU151151 Homo sapiens LEPR 1.720.18 2.38 0.80 1.85 0.10 1.71 0.69 cDNA FLJ13536 fis, clone PLACE1006521L27624 Homo sapiens TFPI2 3.77 0.06 3.57 0.77 2.59 0.11 2.44 0.89 tissuefactor pathway inhibitor-2 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=tissue factorpathway inhibitor-2 /FL=gb:D29992.1 gb:L27624.1 gb:NM_006528.1gb:BC005330.1 NM_003174 Homo sapiens SVIL 3.15 0.09 3.68 0.44 2.91 0.013.27 0.46 supervillin (SVIL), transcript variant 1, mRNA./PROD=supervillin, isoform 1 /FL=gb:AF051851.1 gb:NM_003174.2gb:AF051850.1 AF052127 Homo sapiens RELN −3.13 1.04 −1.36 0.26 −0.880.17 −0.40 0.11 clone 23850 mRNA sequence. AL031290 Human DNA sequence —0.38 0.06 1.39 0.46 0.40 0.05 0.95 0.44 from clone 774I24 on chromosome1q24.1-24.3 Contains protein similar to pregnancy- associated plasmaprotein A precursor neuronal migration protein astrotactin, ESTs, STSand GSS AI129628 ESTs SAMD3 −0.30 0.18 −0.01 0.25 0.72 0.06 0.17 0.21NM_016206 Homo sapiens VGLL3 −0.39 0.36 0.05 1.03 −0.31 0.29 −1.05 1.01colon carcinoma related protein (LOC51159), mRNA. /PROD=colon carcinomarelated protein /FL=gb:NM_016206.1 gb:AF099505.1 BE348291 ESTs — 1.620.06 −0.19 0.98 −3.65 0.10 −2.75 1.84 AW242720 Homo sapiens LOC143381−1.62 0.34 −1.20 0.94 −0.08 0.24 −0.08 0.77 cDNA FLJ10561 fis, cloneNT2RP2002672 NM_001146 Homo sapiens ANGPT1 1.86 0.06 2.09 0.81 1.10 0.160.87 1.05 angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), mRNA. /PROD=angiopoietin 1/FL=gb:NM_001146.1 gb:D13628.1 gb:U83508.1 AU152579 Homo sapiens PCSK52.41 0.14 2.47 0.86 2.04 0.15 1.11 1.20 cDNA FLJ13034 fis, cloneNT2RP3001232 NM_006200 Homo sapiens PCSK5 3.01 0.21 2.88 0.92 2.28 0.111.52 1.25 proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 5 (PCSK5), mRNA./PROD=proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 5 /FL=gb:U56387.2gb:NM_006200.1 BF342661 KIAA0036 gene product MAP2 −0.77 0.30 −0.19 0.440.12 0.17 −2.21 1.64 AF063824 Homo sapiens TRPC4 −3.03 0.39 0.05 0.491.28 0.17 0.21 0.92 trp-related protein 4 truncated variant delta mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=trp-related protein 4 truncated variant delta/FL=gb:AF063824.1 AA723810 cDNA for LY6K 0.07 0.20 −0.13 1.23 0.15 0.14−0.38 1.27 differentially expressed CO16 gene /FL=gb:BC001291.1 N29877interleukin 14 — 1.94 0.13 0.51 0.48 0.78 0.64 −1.57 0.65 NM_007287 Homosapiens MME 2.59 0.03 1.81 0.40 1.89 0.21 2.14 0.30 membrane metallo-endopeptidase (neutral endopeptidase, enkephalinase, CALLA, CD10) (MME),transcript variant 1bis, mRNA. /PROD=membrane metallo-endopeptidase/FL=gb:NM_007288.1 gb:NM_007287.1 gb:J03779.1 AB050856 Homo sapiensB3GALNT1 1.39 0.05 0.20 0.22 −0.13 0.21 −0.10 0.17 beta3GalNAcT-1 mRNAfor globoside synthase, complete cds, clone:type 2. /PROD=globosidesynthase /FL=gb:AB050856.1 AI827455 Homo sapiens BCL6B 0.65 0.31 0.620.21 1.07 0.24 0.90 0.29 cDNA: FLJ21042 fis, clone CAE11204 AF017987Homo sapiens SFRP1 4.15 0.22 4.37 1.24 6.02 0.06 5.74 1.01 secretedapoptosis related protein 2 (SARP2) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=secretedapoptosis related protein 2 /FL=gb:AF056087.1 gb:NM_003012.2gb:AF017987.1 gb:AF001900.1 AL117451 Homo sapiens C1orf108 −0.73 0.200.68 0.24 1.06 0.05 0.82 0.21 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp586E2317 (from cloneDKFZp586E2317). AW268357 ESTs, Highly similar USP32 0.73 0.20 0.36 0.190.70 0.03 0.09 0.18 to AF155116 1 NY-REN-60 antigen (H. sapiens)BE465243 ESTs ARFGEF1 0.50 0.23 0.16 0.32 1.03 0.08 0.47 0.06 AA993400ESTs ADAL 0.89 0.22 0.48 0.28 0.83 0.10 0.29 0.43 AI970898 Cluster Incl.ACACB 0.69 0.15 0.51 0.53 1.46 0.11 −0.87 0.83 AI970898:wr 21c03.x1 Homosapiens cDNA, 3 end/ clone=IMAGE-2488324 /clone_end=3 /gb=AI970898/gi=5767724 /ug=Hs.234898 /len=382 BG026457 ESTs, Weakly KIAA1909 0.600.07 0.23 0.59 0.98 0.03 −2.11 1.28 similar to ALU5_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILYSC SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) BC041933 Homosapiens, UBE3C 0.83 0.23 0.11 0.51 0.55 0.05 0.41 0.92 cloneIMAGE:5300703, mRNA. AI638611 KIAA1373 protein STAMBPL1 2.20 0.17 1.370.58 2.32 0.08 −0.39 1.24 AI341686 ESTs, Highly similar to MTRF1 1.360.14 0.45 0.48 1.43 0.09 −1.09 0.99 RF1M_HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL PEPTIDECHAIN RELEASE FACTOR 1 PRECURSOR (H. sapiens) NM_003182 Homo sapiensTAC1 1.89 0.20 1.65 0.13 2.46 0.09 1.48 0.26 tachykinin, precursor 1(substance K, substance P, neurokinin 1, neurokinin 2, neuromedin L,neurokinin alpha, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide gamma) (TAC1), transcriptvariant beta, mRNA. /PROD=tachykinin 2 precursor, isoform beta /FL=gb:U3M80634 Human keratinocyte FGFR2 3.63 0.06 2.25 0.39 2.79 0.19 2.07 0.84growth factor receptor mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=keratinocyte growthfactor receptor /FL=gb:M80634.1 gb:NM_022969.1 gb:M97193.1 AK021452 Homosapiens ZNF521 −0.20 0.16 −1.15 1.12 1.31 0.05 0.36 0.18 cDNA FLJ11390fis, clone HEMBA1000561, weakly similar to ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 91.AA541622 ESTs SYNPO2 −0.49 0.30 −0.90 0.06 0.35 0.09 −2.58 0.93 N50714ESTs — −1.13 0.13 −1.34 0.52 0.10 0.12 −0.21 0.28 NM_002674 Homo sapiensPMCH 0.62 0.24 1.10 0.48 1.64 0.03 0.09 0.80 pro-melanin- concentratinghormone (PMCH), mRNA. /PROD=pro-melanin- concentrating hormone/FL=gb:NM_002674.1 gb:M57703.1 BM666010 Homo sapiens LOC200169 1.36 0.160.45 0.74 1.49 0.12 −1.65 1.41 cDNA FLJ23803 fis, clone HEP22811.AI343467 Homo sapiens — −0.44 0.08 −1.50 0.82 1.11 0.19 −0.64 0.20 cDNAFLJ11041 fis, clone PLACE1004405 AA046424 ESTs, Weakly ACOT4 0.58 0.27−0.94 0.66 −1.08 0.38 −1.09 0.25 similar to YZ28_HUMAN HYPOTHETICALPROTEIN ZAP128 (H. sapiens) R38389 olfactomedin related OLFM1 4.27 0.113.02 0.76 4.53 0.07 2.17 0.96 ER localized protein BF724270 ESTs — 2.030.22 0.72 0.42 2.36 0.06 0.01 0.97 NM_001819 Homo sapiens CHGB 1.40 0.180.50 0.75 1.66 0.05 −0.74 1.03 chromogranin B (secretogranin 1) (CHGB),mRNA. /PROD=chromogranin B precursor /FL=gb:BC000375.1 gb:NM_001819.1AK026387 Homo sapiens — 0.03 0.28 −0.05 0.52 1.23 0.26 0.52 0.67 cDNA:FLJ22734 fis, clone HUV00109. BF062139 polymerase (RNA) III — 5.23 0.064.31 0.74 5.80 0.07 3.37 0.86 (DNA directed) (32 kD) /FL=gb:NM_006467.1gb:U93868.1 BG540454 ESTs SCGB3A2 4.64 0.02 2.91 0.84 4.13 0.07 1.720.83 AI659533 ArgAbl-interacting SORBS2 0.02 0.12 1.12 0.71 2.17 0.05−1.08 1.48 protein ArgBP2 AA531287 ESTs — 2.94 0.27 1.32 0.72 2.57 0.040.22 0.90 NM_013243 Homo sapiens SCG3 3.30 0.20 2.13 0.95 3.67 0.19 0.871.06 secretogranin III (SCG3), mRNA. /PROD=secretogranin III/FL=gb:AF078851.1 gb:NM_013243.1 AI307586 Homo sapiens C10orf95 0.340.22 −1.15 0.24 −0.49 0.16 −3.61 0.99 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp566H0124 (fromclone DKFZp566H0124) BC032004 Homo sapiens, GRIA3 −0.02 0.23 −0.15 0.330.47 0.04 0.17 0.07 Similar to glutamate receptor, ionotrophic, AMPA3,clone IMAGE:4753474, mRNA. AW205739 ESTs, Weakly TYW3 0.47 0.01 0.811.35 3.72 0.18 2.46 1.15 similar to ORF YGL050w (S. cerevisiae)NM_153262 Homo sapiens SYT14 −0.01 0.17 −0.84 0.51 0.00 0.18 −3.88 1.64hypothetical protein FLJ34198 (FLJ34198), mRNA. /FL=gb:NM_153262.1AA156873 albumin PELO 0.77 0.12 −0.23 0.93 0.65 0.14 −2.33 1.01 BC012375Homo sapiens, ARSG −0.46 0.48 −0.78 0.42 0.57 0.22 −0.41 0.55 Similar toKIAA1001 protein, clone MGC:8996 IMAGE:3882163, mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Similar to KIAA1001 protein /FL=gb:AB023218.1 gb:NM_014960.1gb:BC012375.1 AA843242 ESTs BNC2 2.12 0.37 1.03 0.47 2.89 0.06 0.43 0.80BF792954 ESTs HDLBP −1.53 1.04 −2.75 0.91 0.30 0.16 −0.72 0.26 AA780067heparan sulfate HS3ST3B1 0.41 0.19 0.30 0.61 2.61 0.18 0.78 0.60(glucosamine) 3-O- sulfotransferase 3B1 AA909330 ESTs RP1-32F7.2 0.980.17 −1.67 0.51 0.79 0.02 −0.38 0.12 AF141339 Homo sapiens ZNF521 −0.410.12 −0.97 0.93 1.67 0.11 −0.31 0.80 LYST-interacting protein LIP3 mRNA,partial cds. /PROD=LYST- interacting protein LIP3 BF435123 bromodomainand — 2.28 0.17 1.31 0.51 2.70 0.12 1.30 1.00 PHD finger containing, 3AK056212 Homo sapiens — 1.03 0.14 0.14 0.27 1.10 0.07 −1.41 0.51 cDNAFLJ31650 fis, clone NT2RI2004079. NM_001446 Homo sapiens FABP7 2.07 0.150.74 0.29 2.20 0.04 1.08 0.16 fatty acid binding protein 7, brain(FABP7), mRNA. /PROD=fatty acid binding protein 7, brain /FL=gb:U81235.1gb:D88648.1 gb:U51338.1 gb:NM_001446.1 gb:D50373.1 AW051591 ESTs,Moderately RNF175 1.41 0.32 0.22 0.10 2.60 0.06 0.96 0.20 similar tounnamed protein product (H. sapiens) BC041970 Homo sapiens, C9orf1220.74 0.03 −0.35 0.49 0.76 0.06 −2.31 1.25 clone IMAGE:5302687, mRNA.BC013077 Homo sapiens, — 2.51 0.11 0.80 1.15 2.85 0.06 0.08 0.89 cloneIMAGE:3459334, mRNA. AW572379 ESTs — 1.80 0.03 0.60 0.84 1.45 0.07 1.880.53 BE644917 nuclear receptor XIST −3.88 1.26 −0.54 1.28 1.94 0.13−0.20 1.94 subfamily 1, group I, member 3 NM_171999 Homo sapiens SALL32.97 0.18 2.04 0.71 3.79 0.08 1.02 0.74 sal-like 3 (Drosophila) (SALL3),mRNA. /PROD=sal-like 3 /FL=gb:NM_171999.1 AI654224 ESTs — 0.46 0.36 0.140.44 1.03 0.07 −0.81 0.85 AA167449 nuclear receptor XIST −3.08 0.10−0.47 2.59 4.59 0.07 2.80 1.86 subfamily 1, group I, member 3 BF977837KIAA0527 protein SUSD5 1.64 0.02 0.50 0.68 1.96 0.16 −1.52 1.66 BC029425Homo sapiens, FILIP1 −0.83 0.45 −0.03 0.62 0.76 0.20 −0.29 0.44 Similarto KIAA1275 protein, clone IMAGE:4616553, mRNA. AI978754 ESTs — 2.760.14 1.54 0.57 3.57 0.06 2.31 0.69 AA628440 nuclear receptor XIST 0.180.13 1.42 1.52 4.80 0.02 3.01 1.50 subfamily 1, group I, member 3 L36861L36861 — 2.75 0.17 2.01 0.82 3.63 0.09 3.00 0.97 /FEATURE= expanded_cds/DEFINITION=HUMGCAPB Homo sapiens guanylate cyclase activating protein(GCAP) gene exons 1-4, complete cds AW023227 ESTs MKX −0.91 0.60 −1.310.06 0.27 0.13 −2.90 0.52 NM_021614 Homo sapiens KCNN2 3.45 0.13 2.520.83 4.40 0.14 1.54 0.80 potassium intermediate small conductancecalcium- activated channel, subfamily N, member 2 (KCNN2), mRNA./PROD=potassium intermediate small conductance calcium- activatedchannel, subfamily N, member 2 /FL=gb:NM_021614.1 gb:AF239613.1NM_000956 Homo sapiens PTGER2 −0.71 0.71 −0.73 0.57 0.63 0.33 −2.38 0.61prostaglandin E receptor 2 (subtype EP2), 53 kD (PTGER2), mRNA./PROD=prostaglandin E receptor 2 (subtype EP2), 53 kD /FL=gb:U19487.1gb:NM_000956.1 NM_013381 Homo sapiens TRHDE 1.96 0.16 0.25 0.36 1.810.03 0.82 0.23 thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading ectoenzyme(TRHDE), mRNA. /PROD=thyrotropin- releasing hormone degradingectoenzyme/FL=gb:AF126372.1 gb:NM_013381.1 NM_016354 Homo sapiens SLCO4A1 2.180.06 1.01 0.37 2.35 0.05 −0.91 1.23 solute carrier family 21 (organicanion transporter), member 12 (SLC21A12), mRNA. /PROD=organic aniontransporter OATP-E /FL=gb:AB031051.1 gb:NM_016354.1 gb:AF205072.1gb:AF187817.1 BC028359 Homo sapiens, ZNF141 −1.05 0.39 −0.59 0.65 1.250.17 −1.48 0.72 clone IMAGE:4828836, mRNA. AI193252 ESTs, Weakly LRRN6A4.38 0.11 2.47 0.43 4.23 0.11 1.90 0.37 similar to AF133270 1 SLIT2 (H.sapiens) H09780 Human — 2.04 0.19 0.56 0.07 2.50 0.11 0.12 0.40 (cloneCTG-A4) mRNA sequence BC040605 Homo sapiens, — 2.64 0.16 1.61 1.08 3.590.09 0.45 1.14 clone IMAGE:5271039, mRNA. AW057589 ESTs — −0.96 0.26−2.77 0.81 0.25 0.24 −1.21 0.35 M31213 Human papillary RET 0.42 0.10−1.86 0.83 1.77 0.12 −0.64 0.15 thyroid carcinoma- encoded protein mRNA,complete cds. /FL=gb:M31213.1 Z92546 Human DNA sequence — 0.58 0.13−1.16 0.54 1.07 0.12 −1.27 0.14 from clone CTA-65A6 on chromosome22q11-12 Contains the 3 part of the gene for the ortholog of rat CAIN(KIAA0330), the gene for a novel Sushi domain (SCR repeat) containingprotein similar to Mucins, ESTs, an STS, GSSs and two . . . AA974416protein phosphatase PPP2R2B 4.02 0.16 3.52 0.23 5.22 0.07 3.12 0.15 2(formerly 2A), regulatory subunit B (PR 52), beta isoform AW138143 ESTsSORBS2 3.44 0.16 2.89 0.88 4.47 0.10 1.88 1.15 NM_014862 Homo sapiensARNT2 1.29 0.08 −0.68 0.97 2.00 0.08 0.02 0.24 KIAA0307 gene product(KIAA0307), mRNA. /PROD=KIAA0307 gene product /FL=gb:AB002305.1gb:NM_014862.1 AI765540 ESTs — 1.28 0.22 0.07 0.39 1.50 0.07 −0.11 0.26NM_018013 Homo sapiens FLJ10159 1.30 0.21 0.38 0.39 2.89 0.02 0.62 0.21hypothetical protein FLJ10159 (FLJ10159), mRNA. /PROD=hypotheticalprotein FLJ10159 /FL=gb:NM_018013.1 BF382322 ESTs, Weakly — −0.40 0.09−2.09 0.67 −0.12 0.08 −1.73 0.50 similar to unnamed protein product (H.sapiens) AV699347 nuclear receptor XIST −1.37 0.38 0.45 1.69 4.28 0.022.25 1.53 subfamily 1, group I, member 3 BC011549 Homo sapiens, ATP5S0.69 0.19 0.96 0.68 2.57 0.29 −0.02 0.52 clone MGC:19945 IMAGE:4554461,mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Unknown (protein for MGC:19945)/FL=gb:BC011549.1 NM_001889 Homo sapiens CRYZ −1.68 0.26 0.23 1.38 3.750.07 1.78 1.11 crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase) (CRYZ), mRNA./PROD=crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase) /FL=gb:NM_001889.1gb:L13278.1 gb:S58039.1 BC002665 Homo sapiens, PLP1 4.57 0.15 2.95 0.644.70 0.06 2.32 0.52 proteolipid protein (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease,spastic paraplegia 2, uncomplicated), clone MGC:3940, mRNA, completecds. /PROD=proteolipid protein (Pelizaeus- Merzbacherdisease, spasticparaplegia 2, uncomplicated) /FL=gb:BC002665.1 NM_001243 Homo sapiensTNFRSF8 3.75 0.03 1.45 0.35 3.24 0.11 0.89 0.46 tumor necrosis factorreceptor superfamily, member 8 (TNFRSF8), mRNA. /PROD=CD30 antigen (Ki-1antigen) /FL=gb:NM_001243.1 gb:D86042.1 gb:M83554.1 NM_001195 Homosapiens BFSP1 0.57 0.33 −1.65 1.30 0.60 0.14 −0.86 0.73 beaded filamentstructural protein 1, filensin (BFSP1), mRNA. /PROD=filensin/FL=gb:AF039655.1 gb:NM_001195.2 gb:Y16717.2 NM_024582 Homo sapiens FAT42.16 0.27 −0.49 0.30 1.54 0.28 −1.35 1.01 hypothetical protein FLJ23056(FLJ23056), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ23056 /FL=gb:NM_024582.1NM_000767 Homo sapiens CYP2B6 2.60 0.18 0.87 0.96 1.47 0.12 −0.69 1.03cytochrome P450, subfamily IIB (phenobarbital- inducible), polypeptide 6(CYP2B6), mRNA. /PROD=cytochrome P450, subfamily IIB (phenobarbital-inducible), polypeptide 6 /FL=gb:NM_000767.2 gb:AF182277.1 gb:M29874.1AW665509 ESTs MGC42174 −0.10 0.33 −0.87 0.72 1.20 0.08 −2.60 1.40NM_001104 Homo sapiens ACTN3 2.12 0.13 1.64 0.28 3.35 0.03 1.67 0.36actinin, alpha 3 (ACTN3), mRNA. /PROD=skeletal muscle specific actinin,alpha 3 /FL=gb:M86407.1 gb:NM_001104.1 NM_021069 Homo sapiens SORBS2−0.49 0.43 0.30 1.36 2.03 0.07 −1.13 1.15 ArgAbl-interacting proteinArgBP2 (ARGBP2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD=ArgAbl- interactingprotein 2, isoform 2 /FL=gb:AB018320.1 gb:NM_021069.1 T65020 ESTs — 0.510.16 −0.84 0.26 1.10 0.15 −1.50 0.38 NM_152647 Homo sapiens GALK2 0.080.56 −1.42 0.52 0.03 0.17 −2.34 0.91 hypothetical protein FLJ32800(FLJ32800), mRNA. /FL=gb:NM_152647.1 BC036917 Homo sapiens, C6orf141−0.82 0.30 −1.18 0.40 0.88 0.11 −2.18 0.62 clone MGC:46457IMAGE:5201433, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=Unknown (protein for MGC:46457)/FL=gb:BC036917.1 AI969112 Homo sapiens, PHIP −1.07 0.13 −2.88 0.91−0.37 0.02 −2.23 0.33 clone IMAGE:5260603, mRNA, partial cds AW449813KIAA0918 protein SLITRK5 0.32 0.26 −1.89 0.50 0.46 0.10 −0.57 0.13AW044658 ESTs — 0.16 0.16 −1.47 0.25 0.90 0.14 −0.89 0.16 AI694300 ESTs— −0.52 0.02 −1.34 0.52 0.27 0.08 −1.00 0.08 NM_017631 Homo sapiensFLJ20035 1.35 0.13 0.05 0.19 1.51 0.17 0.32 0.15 hypothetical proteinFLJ20035 (FLJ20035), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ20035/FL=gb:NM_017631.1 AF298547 Homo sapiens NALP2 1.54 0.08 1.22 1.61 5.040.05 3.23 1.36 nucleotide-binding site protein 1 mRNA, complete cds./PROD=nucleotide- binding site protein 1 /FL=gb:AF298547.1 NM_030631Homo sapiens SLC25A21 1.96 0.25 0.33 0.81 2.47 0.11 −0.28 0.63oxodicarboxylate carrier (ODC1), mRNA. /PROD=oxodi- carboxylate carrier/FL=gb:NM_030631.1 BF196255 ESTs — 2.94 0.05 1.18 0.43 3.15 0.08 0.540.57 NM_003247 Homo sapiens THBS2 2.62 0.20 1.04 0.28 2.70 0.04 0.270.45 thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), mRNA. /PROD=thrombospondin 2/FL=gb:NM_003247.1 gb:L12350.1 NM_001446 Homo sapiens FABP7 0.95 0.09−0.75 0.37 0.20 0.22 −1.73 0.99 fatty acid binding protein 7, brain(FABP7), mRNA. /PROD=fatty acid binding protein 7, brain /FL=gb:U81235.1gb:D88648.1 gb:U51338.1 gb:NM_001446.1 gb:D50373.1 AW004016 ESTs ST6GAL21.57 0.14 0.89 0.32 3.30 0.07 1.48 0.43 AW072790 contactin 1 CNTN1 0.500.20 0.18 0.98 1.84 0.10 1.01 1.39 AL512686 Homo sapiens GNAO1 2.16 0.50−0.28 1.03 1.67 0.18 −1.12 0.37 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp761I177 (from cloneDKFZp761I177). AI638063 ESTs CBX5 0.49 0.16 −0.34 0.34 0.98 0.11 −2.711.22 AU157049 Homo sapiens LOC153346 2.24 0.20 0.34 0.47 2.24 0.09 −0.440.96 cDNA FLJ14284 fis, clone PLACE1005898 NM_002738 Homo sapiens PRKCB10.99 0.28 −0.15 0.45 1.42 0.08 −1.02 1.04 protein kinase C, beta 1(PRKCB1), mRNA. /PROD=protein kinase C, beta 1 /FL=gb:NM_002738.1AI185136 ESTs DYDC2 0.12 0.31 −0.80 0.08 0.72 0.08 −0.60 0.09 AI928037ESTs RPIB9 −0.55 0.55 −2.71 0.74 0.49 0.12 −0.89 0.27 NM_016179 Homosapiens TRPC4 −1.51 0.85 −1.87 1.42 1.71 0.11 −0.13 1.23 transientreceptor potential channel 4 (TRPC4), mRNA. /PROD=transient receptorpotential 4 /FL=gb:NM_016179.1 gb:AF175406.1 AW138143 ESTs SORBS2 3.290.13 2.35 1.05 4.28 0.10 1.32 1.07 NM_001876 Homo sapiens CPT1A 1.630.18 −0.15 0.21 1.32 0.07 −0.20 0.33 carnitine palmitoyltransferase I,liver (CPT1A), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA./PROD=liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I /FL=gb:L39211.1gb:NM_001876.1 AA903862 ESTs C20orf54 1.61 0.15 −1.17 0.30 0.68 0.21−1.49 0.23 AI670947 phosphatidyl- — 3.91 0.05 0.55 1.54 3.33 0.10 1.170.68 inositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, type I, beta AV648405 polymerase(RNA) III — −0.01 0.11 0.23 0.52 1.73 0.14 −1.23 1.15 (DNA directed) (32kD) BF435123 bromodomain and PHD — 1.80 0.13 −1.35 1.01 1.14 0.03 0.370.24 finger containing, 3 NM_016582 Homo sapiens SLC15A3 1.77 0.16 −0.881.35 1.30 0.23 −2.04 1.23 peptide transporter 3 (LOC51296), mRNA./PROD=peptide transporter 3 /FL=gb:NM_016582.1 gb:AB020598.1 AI830490glycerol kinase GK 0.61 0.01 −0.65 0.79 1.25 0.20 −0.38 0.33 AW 134979HSPC156 protein STXBP6 2.28 0.03 0.55 0.28 2.05 0.03 0.30 0.44 AI354636ESTs — 2.81 0.11 0.68 1.17 3.02 0.20 0.19 0.76 BE672659 ESTs — 0.20 0.64−0.43 0.61 1.98 0.12 −0.69 0.45 AF284095 Homo sapiens ADRA2A 0.63 0.21−0.74 0.98 1.85 0.03 0.55 0.31 alpha-2A adrenergic receptor mRNA,complete cds. /PROD=alpha-2A adrenergic receptor /FL=gb:AF284095.1gb:NM_000681.1 NM_021136 Homo sapiens RTN1 −0.30 0.03 −1.39 0.35 0.800.07 −1.23 0.39 reticulon 1 (RTN1), mRNA. /PROD=reticulon 1/FL=gb:L10333.1 gb:L10334.1 gb:NM_021136.1 NM_014729 Homo sapiens TOX0.34 0.03 −0.46 0.12 0.90 0.18 −1.86 0.40 KIAA0808 gene product(KIAA0808), mRNA. /PROD=KIAA0808 gene product /FL=gb:AB018351.1gb:NM_014729.1 BE674118 ESTs — 0.78 0.07 −1.32 0.73 0.28 0.19 −0.96 0.74BC026969 Homo sapiens, WDR67 2.95 0.11 0.75 0.92 3.08 0.08 0.45 0.61clone IMAGE:5116073, mRNA, partial cds. AF131783 Homo sapiens PAP2D−0.42 0.26 −2.00 1.05 0.31 0.22 −1.56 0.70 clone 25181 mRNA sequence.U11058 Homo sapiens KCNMA1 1.56 0.09 −0.16 1.08 2.29 0.18 −0.79 0.86large conductance calcium- and voltage- dependent potassium channelalpha subunit (MaxiK) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=large conductancecalcium- and voltage- dependentpotassium channel alpha subunit/FL=gb:U23767.1 gb:NM_002247.1 gb:AF025999 BF510715 fibroblast growth —2.67 0.27 0.84 0.17 3.29 0.01 0.64 0.51 factor 4 (heparin secretorytransforming protein 1, Kaposi sarcoma oncogene) /FL=gb:M17446.1gb:NM_002007.1 BE897866 ESTs ACADSB 1.41 0.23 0.08 0.34 3.10 0.10 −0.270.88 AI735586 ESTs LOC152573 0.60 0.13 0.00 1.14 2.84 0.07 1.12 1.30AL573058 complement component C1R 0.92 0.14 −1.67 0.38 0.73 0.02 −0.960.77 1, r subcomponent AF429305 Homo sapiens RMST −0.48 0.03 −2.49 0.51−0.25 0.20 −1.89 0.27 C23up NCRMS mRNA, partial sequence; alternativelyspliced. BF195118 ESTs, Weakly ATP5J 0.09 0.13 −0.92 0.42 1.57 0.16−0.53 0.08 similar to ALU7_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCE CONTAMINATIONWARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) NM_005460 Homo sapiens SNCAIP 1.76 0.16 −0.840.52 1.61 0.19 −0.92 0.88 synuclein, alpha interacting protein(synphilin) (SNCAIP), mRNA. /PROD=synuclein alpha interacting protein/FL=gb:AF076929.1 gb:NM_005460.1 NM_024893 Homo sapiens C20orf39 1.160.29 −0.56 0.42 2.36 0.15 −0.06 0.17 hypothetical protein FLJ14220(FLJ14220), mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein FLJ14220 /FL=gb:NM_024893.1NM_022034 Homo sapiens CUZD1 1.31 0.08 0.80 0.28 2.78 0.07 0.24 0.58estrogen regulated gene 1 (ERG-1), mRNA. /PROD=estrogen regulated gene 1/FL=gb:AF305835.1 gb:NM_022034.1 NM_014788 Homo sapiens TRIM14 3.12 0.091.22 0.59 3.54 0.08 1.02 0.45 KIAA0129 gene product (KIAA0129), mRNA./PROD=KIAA0129 gene product /FL=gb:D50919.1 gb:NM_014788.1 AV646597ESTs, Weakly XIST −0.77 0.18 0.06 1.55 3.78 0.25 2.28 0.98 similar toALU7_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H.sapiens) BF062629 DKFZP586E1621 protein TMEM158 4.00 0.19 2.41 0.27 4.870.00 1.93 0.19 AW440492 ATPase, Na+K+ ATP1A2 1.33 0.07 −2.12 1.07 1.270.06 −0.53 0.11 transporting, alpha 2 (+) polypeptide /FL=gb:NM_000702.1AF283777 Homo sapiens CD72 −0.08 0.45 −1.88 1.19 0.41 0.24 −1.42 1.13clone TCBAP0702 mRNA sequence. NM_005375 Homo sapiens MYB 2.11 0.17−0.52 0.18 2.24 0.03 0.10 0.08 v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogenehomolog (MYB), mRNA. /PROD=v-myb avian myeloblastosis viraloncogenehomolog /FL=gb:NM_005375.1 gb:AF104863.1 gb:M15024.1 NM_017671Homo sapiens C20orf42 3.19 0.12 0.97 0.70 3.26 0.07 0.16 0.94hypothetical protein FLJ20116 (FLJ20116), mRNA. /PROD=hypotheticalprotein FLJ20116 /FL=gb:NM_017671.1 BG283790 ESTs MATR3 2.27 0.11 0.950.57 3.53 0.04 0.89 0.51 NM_000702 Homo sapiens ATP1A2 2.12 0.17 0.760.38 2.93 0.16 0.51 0.12 ATPase, Na+K+ transporting, alpha 2 (+)polypeptide (ATP1A2), mRNA. /PROD=ATPase, Na+K+ transporting, alpha 2(+)polypeptide /FL=gb:NM_000702.1 NM_025135 Homo sapiens FHOD3 1.02 0.180.80 0.40 2.34 0.10 −0.77 0.72 hypothetical protein FLJ22297 (KIAA1695),mRNA. /PROD=hypothetical protein KIAA1695 /FL=gb:NM_025135.1 NM_012281Homo sapiens KCND2 1.67 0.30 0.05 0.15 2.70 0.09 −0.26 0.38 potassiumvoltage- gated channel, ShaI-related subfamily, member 2 (KCND2), mRNA./PROD=potassium voltage-gated channel, ShaI-relatedsubfamily, member 2/FL=gb:NM_012281.1 gb:AB028967.1 gb:AF121104.1 BF449063 collagen, typeXIV, COL14A1 1.61 0.15 0.30 0.38 2.68 0.17 −0.33 0.68 alpha 1 (undulin)AA280904 ESTs C9orf39 0.23 0.21 −1.58 1.26 1.13 0.14 −0.78 0.42NM_022467 Homo sapiens CHST8 2.11 0.20 −0.51 0.30 2.17 0.10 0.48 0.02N-acetylgalactos- amine-4-O-sulfo- transferase (GALNAC-4-ST1), mRNA./PROD=N-acetyl- galactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase /FL=gb:NM_022467.1gb:AF300612.1 BE468066 ESTs RMST 3.26 0.09 1.49 0.10 3.80 0.09 1.63 0.08AL120674 ESTs — 1.00 0.11 −1.35 1.73 1.55 0.15 −2.20 0.86 NM_133329 Homosapiens KCNG3 2.18 0.27 0.74 0.29 3.67 0.01 0.26 0.28 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily G, member 3 (KCNG3), transcript variant 1,mRNA. /PROD=potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily G, member 3isoform 1 /FL=gb:AF454548.1 gb:AF348982.1 gb:AB070604.1 gb:NM_133329.4AI742043 ESTs — 0.94 0.34 −0.76 0.37 1.77 0.10 −1.45 0.52 NM_005103 Homosapiens FEZ1 2.80 0.11 2.08 0.25 4.98 0.06 2.20 0.26 fasciculation andelongation protein zeta 1 (zygin I) (FEZ1), transcript variant 1, mRNA./PROD=zygin 1, isoform 1 /FL=gb:U60060.1 gb:U69139.1 gb:NM_005103.2NM_000277 Homo sapiens PAH 0.65 0.11 −1.08 0.08 1.46 0.18 −0.42 0.12phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), mRNA. /PROD=phenylalanine hydroxylase/FL=gb:U49897.1 gb:NM_000277.1 BF698797 ESTs — 0.93 0.10 −0.74 0.11 2.070.10 −0.40 0.44 BF437747 ESTs, Weakly C20orf118 4.26 0.07 1.99 0.45 4.570.09 1.75 0.39 similar to ALU7_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCECONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) NM_003020 Homo sapiens SCG54.03 0.14 2.53 0.32 5.01 0.12 3.11 0.24 secretory granule,neuroendocrine protein 1 (7B2 protein) (SGNE1), mRNA. /PROD=secretorygranule, neuroendocrine protein 1 (7B2protein) /FL=gb:BC005349.1gb:NM_003020.1 NM_002800 Homo sapiens PSMB9 1.38 0.10 0.27 0.34 2.050.07 −1.43 1.14 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 9(large multifunctional protease 2) (PSMB9), mRNA. /PROD=proteasome(prosome, macropain) subunit, betatype, 9 (large multifunctionalprotease 2) /FL=gb:U01025.1 gb:NM_002800.1 BE972639 ESTs LOC646326 0.000.15 −2.71 0.55 0.33 0.22 −2.24 0.61 BC044830 Homo sapiens, C10orf961.38 0.12 −0.32 0.82 2.28 0.06 −1.39 0.90 Similar to RIKEN cDNA1700011F14 gene, clone MGC:35062 IMAGE:5166167, mRNA, complete cds./PROD=Similar to RIKEN cDNA 1700011F14 gene /FL=gb:BC044830.1 AI961231KIAA0808 TOX 3.28 0.13 1.23 0.06 4.00 0.01 1.13 0.37 gene product/FL=gb:AB018351.1 gb:NM_014729.1 U17496 Human proteasome PSMB8 3.43 0.210.46 1.17 3.30 0.06 0.09 0.64 subunit LMP7 (allele LMP7B) mRNA, completecds. /PROD=proteasome subunit LMP7 /FL=gb:U17497.1 gb:U17496.1 N23651ESTs SDK2 −1.16 0.31 −2.65 0.42 1.27 0.09 −2.07 0.75 NM_007015 Homosapiens LECT1 4.83 0.12 2.27 0.84 5.36 0.09 1.83 0.69 chondromodulin Iprecursor (CHM-I), mRNA. /PROD=chondromodulin I precursor/FL=gb:NM_007015.1 gb:AB006000.1 NM_015474 Homo sapiens SAMHD1 2.63 0.170.57 0.33 2.89 0.09 0.29 0.22 DKFZP564A032 protein (DKFZP564A032), mRNA./PROD=DKFZP564A032 protein /FL=gb:AF228421.1 gb:AL050267.1 gb:AB013847.1gb:NM_015474.1 AF147427 Homo sapiens SAMHD1 1.33 0.03 −0.99 0.88 1.350.08 −2.30 0.97 full length insert cDNA clone YP80A10. NM_004688 Homosapiens NMI 3.54 0.04 0.96 0.07 3.80 0.07 1.13 0.34 N-myc (and STAT)interactor (NMI), mRNA. /PROD=N-myc and STAT interactor/FL=gb:BC001268.1 gb:NM_004688.1 gb:U32849.1 AB040812 Homo sapiens PAK7−1.37 0.60 −3.89 1.62 −0.49 0.07 −4.18 0.12 mRNA for protein kinasePAK5, complete cds. /PROD=protein kinase PAK5 /FL=gb:AB040812.1 AI985987ESTs, Moderately SCNN1G −0.28 0.31 −0.99 0.35 0.12 0.19 −2.70 0.59similar to ALU1_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY J SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNINGENTRY (H. sapiens) NM_001877 Homo sapiens CR2 1.50 0.13 −0.43 1.05 2.350.14 −1.44 1.51 complement component (3dEpstein Barr virus) receptor 2(CR2), mRNA. /PROD=complement component (3dEpstein Barr virus)receptor 2/FL=gb:NM_001877.1 gb:M26004.1 NM_001351 Homo sapiens DAZL 1.69 0.24−0.81 0.76 1.93 0.12 −0.73 0.06 deleted in azoospermia-like (DAZL),mRNA. /PROD=deleted in azoospermia-like /FL=gb:U66726.2 gb:NM_001351.1gb:U65918.1 gb:U66078.1 NM_022168 Homo sapiens IFIH1 −2.03 1.08 −2.760.83 −0.10 0.15 −2.15 0.40 melanoma differentiation associated protein-5(MDA5), mRNA. /PROD=melanoma differentiation associated protein-5/FL=gb:AY017378.1 gb:NM_022168.1 gb:AF095844.1 AF052108 Homo sapiensLOC157627 1.49 0.33 0.22 1.02 2.26 0.40 −1.33 1.19 clone 23687 mRNAsequence. AI056877 Human DNA sequence LOC200230 0.11 0.30 −2.37 0.941.15 0.18 −1.35 0.75 from clone RP4-530I15 on chromosome 20. Containsthe 3 end of the PTPN1 gene for protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (EC 3.1.3.48), the gene for a novel protein similar toplacental protein DIFF40, an RPL36 (60S Ribos NM_002522 Homo sapiensNPTX1 2.35 0.25 −0.48 0.19 2.17 0.09 −1.19 0.83 neuronal pentraxin I(NPTX1), mRNA. /PROD=neuronal pentraxin I precursor /FL=gb:NM_002522.1gb:U61849.1 N21096 ESTs STXBP6 2.42 0.16 0.99 0.08 3.69 0.09 1.14 0.04AI693516 ESTs COL14A1 0.39 0.23 −1.63 0.96 0.96 0.17 −1.81 0.67NM_018043 Homo sapiens TMEM16A −0.90 0.37 −1.93 0.70 0.25 0.43 −3.930.49 hypothetical protein FLJ10261 (FLJ10261), mRNA. /PROD=hypotheticalprotein FLJ10261 /FL=gb:NM_018043.1 AF110400 Homo sapiens FGF19 2.120.14 −0.08 0.34 2.18 0.04 −0.91 0.18 fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19)mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=fibroblast growth factor 19 /FL=gb:AF110400.1gb:NM_005117.1 gb:AB018122.1 AK098525 Homo sapiens HHIP 1.76 0.14 −0.570.63 3.32 0.06 −0.11 0.15 cDNA FLJ25659 fis, clone TST00427, highlysimilar to Mus musculus hedgehog-interacting protein (Hip) mRNA.AV715309 ESTs, Weakly C20orf118 4.28 0.13 1.89 0.39 4.76 0.10 1.48 0.42similar to ALU7_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNINGENTRY (H. sapiens) U96136 Homo sapiens CTNND2 0.78 0.11 −1.33 0.87 1.180.12 −1.17 0.67 delta-catenin mRNA, complete cds. /PROD=delta-catenin/FL=gb:NM_001332.1 gb:U72665.1 gb:AB013805.1 gb:U96136.1 gb:AF035302.1NM_002590 Homo sapiens PCDH8 −0.80 0.34 −0.83 0.82 2.18 0.02 0.12 0.33protocadherin 8 (PCDH8), mRNA. /PROD=protocadherin 8 /FL=gb:NM_002590.2gb:AF061573.2 AF107846 Homo sapiens — 0.44 0.20 −0.25 0.12 2.12 0.14−2.56 0.81 neuroendocrine- specific Golgi protein p55 (XLalphas) gene,exon XL2 and complete cds BG169832 adenylate kinase 5 AK5 0.62 0.36−2.79 0.50 1.03 0.36 −1.94 0.32 /FL=gb:NM_012093.1 gb:AF062595.1BE968806 ESTs, Weakly ATP5S −1.15 0.14 −3.03 0.71 −0.34 0.15 −4.73 0.74similar to ALU4_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SB2 SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNINGENTRY (H. sapiens) BU729850 hypothetical protein JAKMIP2 2.30 0.07 0.431.78 3.86 0.04 −1.56 1.92 LOC153469 AL832535 Homo sapiens LOC157627 2.250.18 −0.04 1.00 3.14 0.25 −1.50 1.19 mRNA; cDNA DKFZp547J1816 (fromclone DKFZp547J1816). NM_000439 Homo sapiens PCSK1 −0.63 0.18 −2.68 0.530.69 0.30 −3.19 1.03 proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 1(PCSK1), mRNA. /PROD=proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 1/FL=gb:NM_000439.2 gb:M90753.1 M34455 Human interferon- INDO 4.39 0.231.58 0.09 5.44 0.08 1.69 0.13 gamma-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mRNA, complete cds. /FL=gb:NM_002164.1 gb:M34455.1AB014737 Homo sapiens SMOC2 1.25 0.12 −2.04 0.48 1.94 0.06 −2.27 1.12mRNA for SMAP-2b, complete cds. /PROD=SMAP-2b /FL=gb:AB014737.1 BM682352Homo sapiens HCN1 −0.41 0.14 −4.38 1.19 0.35 0.31 −3.88 0.32 cDNAFLJ37204 fis, clone BRALZ2006976.

TABLE V RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF DEFINITE ENDODERM MARKERS FOR CONDITIONSOUTLINED IN EXAMPLE 10. ALL VALUES WERE NORMALIZED TO GROUP 1 (CONTROL).Sox17 CXCR4 Goosecoid HNF-3B SOX-2 Oct-4 Group 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 controlGroup 2 45 19.5 2.8 0.64 0.91 1.1 Group 3 45 30 2.9 0.74 0.70 0.76 Group4 8 14 2.7 1.11 0.18 0.36 Group 5 23 16 3.1 1.76 0.16 0.41 Group 6 415.8 3.0 1.87 0.61 0.57 Group 7 25 19.5 2.7 0.62 0.34 0.48 Group 8 6 15.92.9 2.0 0.13 0.43 Group 9 1 1.4 0.9 0.89 1.2 0.85 Group 10 22 1.5 1.41.20 1.36 0.68 Group 11 54 23 2.5 0.71 0.66 0.65 Group 12 68 0.7 0.91.51 0.02 0.30 Group 13 13.9 12.7 3.0 2.1 0.11 0.30 Group 14 52.6 20.62.9 0.82 0.69 0.70 Group 15 68 27.7 2.9 0.68 0.68 0.85 Group 16 13.9 212.4 0.79 0.46 0.72 Group 17 52 14.9 3.5 2.12 0.22 0.44

TABLE VI MEAN NORMALIZED INTENSITY VALUES (IN LOG FORMAT) OF GENES FORH9 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DERIVED DEFINITIVE ENDODERM STAGE CELLS CULTUREDON EITHER MATRIGEL ™ OR MEFS +/− WNT-3A. DE DE treatment in treatment DEtreatment low serum + in low Benjamini in low serum + AA + Wnt- serum +and AA on 3A on AA on Hochberg- Gene Title MATRIGEL MATRIGEL MEFSP-value ESTs −4.82708 2.63968 −4.26995 8.62E−05microfibrillar-associated protein 4 0.063791 5.16358 −0.60091 3.48E−03Homo sapiens, alpha-1 (VI) collagen −3.66187 2.36459 −2.26934 1.45E−04ESTs −3.43712 2.14508 −2.6475 0.00E+00 Homo sapiens cystatin SN (CST1),0.072931 7.53908 4.63955 4.46E−03 mRNA. /PROD = cystatin SN /FL = gb:J03870.1 gb: NM_001898.1 solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic−0.066405 5.23572 0.279005 4.27E−04 acid transporters), member 3 /FL =gb: U81800.1 gb: NM_004207.1 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor−0.894644 5.75417 2.4872 4.93E−03 17 (FGF17), mRNA. /PROD = fibroblastgrowth factor 17 /FL = gb: NM_003867.1 gb: AB009249.1 Human link proteinmRNA, complete −1.93991 3.31348 −1.26346 1.14E−02 cds. /PROD = linkprotein /FL = gb: NM_001884.1 gb: U43328.1 Homo sapiens solute carrierfamily 16 0.710321 6.12971 1.72403 0.00E+00 (monocarboxylic acidtransporters), member 3 (SLC16A3), mRNA. /PROD = solute carrier family16 (monocarboxylic acidtransporters), member 3 /FL = gb: U81800.1 gb:NM_004207.1 Homo sapiens apolipoprotein A-I −1.47073 5.37558 2.468915.07E−03 (APOA1), mRNA. /PROD = apolipoprotein A-I precursor /FL = gb:M27875.1 gb: M11791.1 gb: NM_000039.1 gb: BC005380.1 Homo sapienscytidine deaminase −3.89129 2.05822 −1.67035 2.23E−03 (CDA), mRNA. /PROD= cytidine deaminase /FL = gb: L27943.1 gb: NM_001785.1 ESTs, Moderatelysimilar to JE0284 −2.37712 5.75671 4.22227 2.56E−02 Mm-1 cell derivedtransplantability- associated protein 1b (H. sapiens) ESTs −0.047165.28231 0.966974 0.00E+00 glycophorin B (includes Ss blood group)−2.85201 3.32812 −0.12969 1.45E−04 Homo sapiens homeobox protein−4.42042 3.55326 1.89424 2.50E−02 goosecoid mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =homeobox protein goosecoid /FL = gb: AY177407.1 gb: NM_173849.1 MCP-1 =monocyte chemotactic protein −2.27571 5.13499 2.95543 2.92E−02 (human,aortic endothelial cells, mRNA, 661 nt). /PROD = MCP-1 Homo sapiensMix-like homeobox −1.54648 4.47601 0.921971 2.01E−02 protein 1 (MILD1)mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Mix-like homeobox protein 1 /FL = gb:AF211891.1 ESTs −4.93603 2.17917 −0.23735 1.12E−04 Homo sapiens lumican(LUM), mRNA. −4.05726 3.21064 0.948822 3.39E−02 /PROD = lumican /FL =gb: NM_002345.1 gb: U18728.1 gb: U21128.1 Homo sapiens HNF-3beta mRNAfor −2.71785 4.68666 2.82506 3.71E−02 hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta,complete cds. /PROD = hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta /FL = gb:AB028021.1 gb: NM_021784.1 Homo sapiens reserved (KCNK12), −0.4687456.28184 3.77969 1.97E−02 mRNA. /PROD = tandem pore domain potassiumchannel THIK-2 /FL = gb: NM_022055.1 gb: AF287302.1 Homo sapiensatrophin-1 interacting −4.30828 1.80825 −1.32021 9.63E−03 protein 1;activin receptor interacting protein 1 (KIAA0705), mRNA. /PROD =atrophin-1 interacting protein 1; activinreceptor interacting protein 1/FL = gb: NM_012301.1 gb: AF038563.1 ESTs −2.33636 2.25176 −2.321245.26E−04 Homo sapiens glutamate decarboxylase −2.424 2.31908 −1.879654.07E−04 1 (brain, 67 kD) (GAD1), transcript variant GAD25, mRNA. /PROD= glutamate decarboxylase 1, isoform GAD25 /FL = gb: NM_013445.1 gb:AF178853.1 gb: BC002815.1 Homo sapiens cardiac ventricular −0.5497284.89072 1.4377 2.99E−03 troponin C mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = cardiacventricular troponin C /FL = gb: NM_003280.1 gb: AF020769.1 ESTs−2.89554 3.42817 0.926036 2.62E−02 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor8 −4.32791 2.19561 0.015827 5.91E−03 (androgen-induced) (FGF8), mRNA./PROD = fibroblast growth factor 8 (androgen-induced) /FL = gb: U36223.1gb: U46212.1 gb: NM_006119.1 ESTs −3.09818 1.66254 −2.20564 8.62E−05Homo sapiens haptoglobin-related −2.6068 2.38009 −1.19632 6.95E−03protein (HPR), mRNA. /PROD = haptoglobin-related protein /FL = gb:NM_020995.1 collagen, type VI, alpha 1 −1.418 3.85952 0.604245 1.21E−02Human (clone 8B1) Br-cadherin mRNA, −2.17941 2.59894 −1.02624 1.24E−02complete cds. /PROD = Br-cadherin /FL = gb: L34057.1 gb: L33477.1 gb:NM_004061.1 ESTs −1.40092 2.57297 −1.82509 1.45E−04 Homo sapienscystatin SA (CST2), −0.102178 5.21645 2.1671 2.40E−02 mRNA. /PROD =cystatin SA /FL = gb: NM_001322.1 Human mRNA for apolipoprotein AI (apo0.215086 5.51109 2.49684 9.57E−03 AI) =. /PROD = preproapolipoprotein AIHomo sapiens MLL septin-like fusion −3.29221 1.70902 −1.49951 2.25E−03(MSF), mRNA. /PROD = MLL septin-like fusion /FL = gb: AF123052.1 gb:NM_006640.1 Homo sapiens cystatin S (CST4), 0.92448 6.48842 3.870367.20E−03 mRNA. /PROD = cystatin S /FL = gb: NM_001899.1 Homo sapiensphorbolin-like protein −1.11883 4.73391 2.40782 7.86E−03 MDS019(MDS019), mRNA. /PROD = phorbolin-like protein MDS019 /FL = gb:AF182420.1 gb: NM_021822.1 Homo sapiens apolipoprotein A-II −1.033335.80468 4.46856 3.23E−02 (APOA2), mRNA. /PROD = apolipoprotein A-IIprecursor /FL = gb: M29882.1 gb: NM_001643.1 gb: BC005282.1 ESTs−1.55475 3.48278 0.420447 2.50E−02 Homo sapiens glutamate decarboxylase−3.86752 1.56384 −1.08675 2.52E−02 1 (brain, 67 kD) (GAD1), transcriptvariant GAD67, mRNA. /PROD = glutamate decarboxylase 1, isoform GAD67/FL = gb: NM_000817.1 gb: M81883.1 gb: L16888.1 ESTs −0.731491 5.432493.52168 1.60E−02 ESTs −2.03591 3.38924 0.760984 2.34E−03 Homo sapiensretinoid X receptor, −2.37496 2.62934 −0.32035 8.83E−04 gamma (RXRG),mRNA. /PROD = retinoid X receptor, gamma /FL = gb: NM_006917.1 gb:U38480.1 ESTs −0.648552 4.30576 1.43266 2.19E−03 Homo sapiens cDNAFLJ11550 fis, −1.22228 5.37746 4.21644 1.68E−02 clone HEMBA1002970 ESTs−1.782 3.50391 1.0501 1.85E−02 Homo sapiens haptoglobin (HP), mRNA.−1.10114 3.5449 0.477027 8.13E−03 /PROD = haptoglobin /FL = gb: K00422.1gb: L29394.1 gb: NM_005143.1 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein −0.4319895.14497 3.02045 2.62E−02 FLJ10970 (FLJ10970), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ10970 /FL = gb: NM_018286.1 Homo sapiens beta-site APPcleaving −2.0354 3.70648 1.75385 8.00E−03 enzyme (BACE) mRNA, completecds. /PROD = beta-site APP cleaving enzyme /FL = gb: AF200343.1 gb:AF204943.1 gb: AF190725.1 gb: AF201468.1 gb: NM_012104.1 Homo sapienshypothetical protein 1.36784 6.82571 4.5979 2.10E−02 FLJ22252 similar toSRY-box containing gene 17 (FLJ22252), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ22252 similar to SRY-boxcontaining gene 17 /FL = gb:NM_022454.1 Cluster Incl. AB028021: Homo sapiens −1.5339 5.12418 4.117044.47E−02 HNF-3beta mRNA for hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta, completecds /cds = (196, 1569) /gb = AB028021 /gi = 4958949 /ug = Hs.155651 /len= 1944 Homo sapiens gastrin-releasing peptide −2.74071 2.70077 0.5097572.49E−04 (GRP), mRNA. /PROD = gastrin-releasing peptide /FL = gb:NM_002091.1 gb: K02054.1 gb: BC004488.1 Homo sapiens sema domain, seven−1.53335 3.78503 1.48732 4.71E−02 thrombospondin repeats (type 1 andtype 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain,(semaphorin) 5A (SEMA5A), mRNA. /PROD = sema domain, seventhrombospondin repeats (type1 and type 1-like), transmem Homo sapiensmRNA; cDNA −0.835182 5.22406 3.69882 2.08E−02 DKFZp586J0624 (from cloneDKFZp586J0624); complete cds. /PROD = hypothetical protein /FL = gb:AF215636.1 gb: NM_014585.1 gb: AF231121.1 gb: AF226614.1 gb: AL136944.1Human mRNA for alpha-1 type II −2.8736 2.155 −0.38021 5.70E−03 collagen.Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) −1.54385 1.7147 −2.58241 1.71E−02alpha neuropilin 1 /FL = gb: AF016050.1 −1.62253 1.95432 −1.96678.83E−04 gb: NM_003873.1 gb: AF018956.1 Human DNA sequence from cloneRP1- −3.72313 1.68755 −0.37308 1.38E−03 181C24 on chromosome6p11.1-12.2. Contains the 3 end of the BMP5 gene for bone morphogeneticprotein 5, ESTs, STSs and GSSs /FL = gb: M60314.1 gb: NM_021073.1myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase −0.71724 3.51728 0.3357254.29E−03 C substrate (MARCKS, 80K-L) /FL = gb: M68956.1 gb: D10522.1 gb:NM_002356.4 hypothetical protein FLJ23403 −1.45618 1.81423 −2.313271.20E−02 /FL = gb: NM_022068.1 hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha−4.26574 1.7879 0.445241 3.25E−02 Homo sapiens cell adhesion molecule−0.541188 2.1751 −2.5002 1.16E−03 with homology to L1CAM (closehomologue of L1) (CHL1), mRNA. /PROD = cell adhesion molecule withhomology to L1CAM (close homologue of L1) /FL = gb: AF002246.1 gb:NM_006614.1 matrix metalloproteinase 14 (membrane- −2.05734 2.36236−0.5185 1.66E−02 inserted) /FL = gb: U41078.1 gb: NM_004995.2 Homosapiens glycophorin B (includes −0.947308 3.26089 0.180293 4.83E−04 Ssblood group) (GYPB), mRNA. /PROD = glycophorin B precursor /FL = gb:J02982.1 gb: NM_002100.2 WAS protein family, member 2 −2.18746 1.99129−1.05968 4.00E−03 /FL = gb: NM_006990.1 gb: AB026542.1 Homo sapiensfrizzled-related protein 0.56502 5.7261 3.67629 1.75E−02 (FRZB), mRNA./PROD = frizzled-related protein /FL = gb: U24163.1 gb: U68057.1 gb:NM_001463.1 gb: U91903.1 Homo sapiens glutamate decarboxylase −1.684952.27067 −0.96944 8.02E−03 1 (brain, 67 kD) (GAD1), transcript variantGAD25, mRNA. /PROD = glutamate decarboxylase 1, isoform GAD25 /FL = gb:NM_013445.1 gb: AF178853.1 gb: BC002815.1 ESTs 0.812766 5.93144 3.913144.15E−02 Homo sapiens clone 23736 mRNA −0.047182 5.79006 4.507441.74E−02 sequence Homo sapiens glycophorin E (GYPE), −2.01601 1.79002−1.50134 1.97E−02 mRNA. /PROD = glycophorin E /FL = gb: NM_002102.1 gb:M29610.1 ESTs 1.06767 5.63319 3.12487 2.00E−02 ESTs −1.41162 2.5396−0.57029 1.29E−02 Human Fritz mRNA, complete cds. 0.436589 5.698143.91514 1.99E−02 /PROD = Fritz /FL = gb: U24163.1 gb: U68057.1 gb:NM_001463.1 gb: U91903.1 Homo sapiens, clone MGC: 4655, 2.3772 5.91842.47596 1.20E−02 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Unknown (protein for MGC:4655) /FL = gb: BC004908.1 KIAA0878 protein /FL = gb: NM_014899.1 1.11896.41747 4.78882 2.01E−02 gb: AB020685.1 Homo sapiens sema domain,−0.785987 3.69668 1.27624 2.10E−02 immunoglobulin domain (Ig), shortbasic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3E (SEMA3E), mRNA. /PROD = semadomain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), shortbasic domain, secreted,(semaphorin) 3E /FL = gb: NM_012431.1 gb: AB002329.1 ESTs 1.480846.59709 4.81395 1.36E−02 noggin /FL = gb: NM_005450.1 −1.63627 3.281611.32958 2.53E−02 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein −0.904749 3.358540.755319 1.12E−04 FLJ11316 (FLJ11316), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ11316 /FL = gb: NM_018388.1 Homo sapiens angiopoietin 2(ANGPT2), −2.93044 2.23779 0.59685 3.43E−02 mRNA. /PROD = angiopoietin 2/FL = gb: AB009865.1 gb: AF004327.1 gb: NM_001147.1 Homo sapiens matrixmetalloproteinase −0.723489 2.97262 −0.09689 5.44E−03 14(membrane-inserted) (MMP14), mRNA. /PROD = matrix metalloproteinase 14preproprotein /FL = gb: U41078.1 gb: NM_004995.2 G protein-coupledreceptor 1.50709 6.65228 5.05327 2.00E−02 collagen, type IX, alpha 21.27026 5.4659 2.93507 3.19E−03 /FL = gb: NM_001852.1 ESTs 0.5216383.93176 0.620223 0.00E+00 KIAA1462 protein −3.84563 1.65452 0.4370643.27E−02 Homo sapiens cartilage linking protein 1 −1.31515 2.27271−0.80521 2.22E−02 (CRTL1), mRNA. /PROD = cartilage linking protein 1 /FL= gb: NM_001884.1 gb: U43328.1 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 210.711428 4.89808 2.43304 6.84E−03 (prostaglandin transporter), member 2(SLC21A2), mRNA. /PROD = solute carrier family 21(prostaglandintransporter), member 2 /FL = gb: U70867.1 gb: NM_005630.1ESTs 0.307173 4.78515 2.65653 1.72E−026-phosphofructo-2-kinasefructose-2,6- −0.242865 3.97929 1.59985 5.28E−03biphosphatase 4 Homo sapiens dual specificity 0.953857 5.82811 4.121594.00E−03 phosphatase 4 (DUSP4), mRNA. /PROD = dual specificityphosphatase 4 /FL = gb: NM_001394.2 gb: BC002671.1 gb: U48807.1 gb:U21108.1 ESTs, Weakly similar to T00331 −1.57372 2.70797 0.4436226.74E−03 hypothetical protein KIAA0555 (H. sapiens) ESTs −3.574143.15167 3.37198 8.82E−03 ESTs, Highly similar to IHH_HUMAN −0.6539893.22059 0.590533 5.18E−03 INDIAN HEDGEHOG PROTEIN PRECURSOR (H. sapiens)ESTs, Weakly similar to FCE2 MOUSE 0.494192 5.22522 3.48031 1.97E−02 LOWAFFINITY IMMUNOGLOBULIN EPSILON FC RECEPTOR (M. musculus) homeo box HB9/FL = gb: NM_005515.1 −1.65563 3.2238 1.63092 5.58E−03 Homo sapiensarylsulfatase E 0.283004 4.95903 3.18424 9.22E−03 (chondrodysplasiapunctata 1) (ARSE), mRNA. /PROD = arylsulfatase E precursor /FL = gb:X83573.1 gb: NM_000047.1 ESTs −0.05909 3.0455 −0.29817 1.47E−02 Homosapiens hypothetical protein −1.48452 1.97473 −1.00431 5.72E−03 FLJ23403(FLJ23403), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ23403 /FL = gb:NM_022068.1 ESTs −0.182403 3.01548 −0.18954 3.72E−03 hypotheticalprotein FLJ23091 0.323388 5.25192 3.77987 3.57E−02 Human dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) −3.61145 0.760585 −1.25595 3.07E−02 mRNA, completecds. /PROD = dipeptidyl peptidase IV /FL = gb: M74777.1 hypotheticalprotein FLJ21032 0.355672 4.67756 2.61753 4.59E−02 Homo sapiens Kellblood group (KEL), −2.20519 1.89439 −0.38393 1.91E−02 mRNA. /PROD = Kellblood group antigen /FL = gb: BC003135.1 gb: NM_000420.1 splicingfactor, arginineserine-rich 5 0.7481 5.68934 4.27169 2.97E−03 Humanprostatic secretory protein 57 −3.01313 1.46338 −0.40767 1.97E−02 mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = PSP57 /FL = gb: U22178.1 Homo sapiens KIAA0878protein 2.0265 7.00937 5.65368 2.85E−02 (KIAA0878), mRNA. /PROD =KIAA0878 protein /FL = gb: NM_014899.1 gb: AB020685.1 Homo sapienscryptic mRNA, complete 0.104874 2.87319 −0.67353 1.61E−03 cds. /PROD =cryptic /FL = gb: AF312769.1 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ13221 fis, 0.3557433.98782 1.30963 1.38E−03 clone NT2RP4002075 phorbolin-like proteinMDS019 −1.11756 2.83853 0.503523 1.59E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA14090.368334 2.8009 −1.03191 1.78E−02 protein, partial cds. /PROD = KIAA1409protein Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA −2.63427 1.64513 −0.3056 2.52E−02DKFZp434D0818 (from clone DKFZp434D0818) ESTs 0.35393 5.14775 3.748753.16E−02 Homo sapiens TBX3-iso protein (TBX3- −2.34566 2.45238 1.070381.31E−02 iso), mRNA. /PROD = TBX3-iso protein /FL = gb: NM_016569.1 gb:AF216750.1 Homo sapiens chromosome 19, cosmid −0.258871 3.0636 0.2239261.58E−03 R31181 Homo sapiens mRNA for GATA-6, 2.21862 6.8609 5.342634.29E−02 complete cds. /PROD = GATA-6 /FL = gb: U66075.1 gb: NM_005257.1gb: D87811.1 Homo sapiens ankyrin-like with −1.10879 3.93484 2.819391.29E−02 transmembrane domains 1 (ANKTM1), mRNA G protein-coupledreceptor 49 0.265509 4.46257 2.50537 2.19E−02 Homo sapiens growthdifferentiation 1.67253 5.34944 2.87486 8.62E−05 factor 3 (GDF3), mRNA./PROD = growth differentiation factor 3 precursor /FL = gb: NM_020634.1gb: AF263538.1 Human (clone HSY3RR) neuropeptide Y 1.77461 6.703015.47995 3.00E−02 receptor (NPYR) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =neuropeptide Y receptor /FL = gb: L06797.1 gb: NM_003467.1 gb:AF025375.1 gb: AF147204.1 gb: M99293.1 gb: L01639.1 Homo sapiens type VIcollagen alpha 2 1.7011 5.33126 2.84458 5.91E−03 chain precursor(COL6A2) mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced. /PROD = type VIcollagen alpha 2 chain precursor /FL = gb: AY029208.1 ESTs −0.3497263.29119 0.824929 4.11E−03 ESTs −0.903317 1.89777 −1.36429 6.84E−03 Homosapiens hypothetical protein 2.60483 7.10633 5.55242 1.41E−02 FLJ10718(FLJ10718), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ10718 /FL = gb:NM_018192.1 Homo sapiens Rho GTPase activating −1.10389 1.83053 −1.285211.28E−02 protein 6 (ARHGAP6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD = RhoGTPase activating protein 6 isoform 2 /FL = gb: AF022212.2 gb:NM_001174.2 stanniocalcin 1 /FL = gb: U25997.1 2.41135 7.29563 6.142842.51E−02 gb: NM_003155.1 gb: U46768.1 Human glycophorin HeP2 mRNA,partial −0.843493 2.71108 0.233547 2.98E−04 cds. /PROD = glycophorinHeP2 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ12993 fis, 0.147259 4.12241 2.06949 6.84E−03clone NT2RP3000197 Homo sapiens presenilin stabilization −0.861732.85614 0.56745 6.09E−03 factor b (PSF) mRNA, complete cds;alternatively spliced. /PROD = presenilin stabilization factor b /FL =gb: AY113699.1 Homo sapiens glycophorin Erik STA −1.19362 2.17108−0.45439 1.45E−04 (GPErik) gene complete cds. /PROD = glycophorin Erik(STA) /FL = gb: U00178.1 bromodomain and PHD finger −2.8472 1.755730.369397 8.62E−05 containing, 3 ESTs 0.784344 4.74104 2.71543 7.55E−03ESTs −1.26251 3.4693 2.27614 3.80E−03 ESTs −1.71713 1.23763 −1.711222.99E−02 Homo sapiens microsomal glutathione 2.06233 6.81536 5.69183.79E−02 S-transferase 2 (MGST2), mRNA. /PROD = microsomal glutathioneS- transferase 2 /FL = gb: NM_002413.1 gb: U77604.1 Homo sapienseomesodermin (Xenopus 2.65926 6.71627 4.89839 2.76E−02 laevis) homolog(EOMES), mRNA. /PROD = eomesodermin (Xenopus laevis) homolog /FL = gb:AB031038.1 gb: NM_005442.1 Homo sapiens mRNA for MSX-2, 0.407211 4.111451.94529 1.35E−02 complete cds. /PROD = MSX-2 /FL = gb: D89377.1 Homosapiens apolipoprotein A-II −1.10237 5.10066 4.75899 1.34E−02 (APOA2),mRNA. /PROD = apolipoprotein A-II precursor /FL = gb: M29882.1 gb:NM_001643.1 gb: BC005282.1 Homo sapiens adenylate cyclase 8 −1.34081.12773 −2.26149 1.07E−02 (brain) (ADCY8), mRNA. /PROD = adenylatecyclase 8 /FL = gb: NM_001115.1 Homo sapiens glucose-6-phosphate−0.193516 3.03064 0.407738 1.38E−03 transporter (G6PT) gene, G6PT-Dtallele, complete cds Homo sapiens glutathione S-transferase −3.106451.11704 −0.4221 5.37E−04 A2 (GSTA2), mRNA. /PROD = glutathioneS-transferase A2 /FL = gb: BC002895.1 gb: M25627.1 gb: M16594.1 gb:M14777.1 gb: M15872.1 gb: M21758.1 gb: NM_000846.1 Homo sapiens sodiumdependent −0.397133 2.78341 0.231961 1.11E−02 phosphate transporterisoform NaPi-IIb mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = sodium dependent phosphatetransporter isoformNaPi-IIb /FL = gb: AF111856.1 gb: NM_006424.1 gb:AF146796.1 ESTs 2.77413 7.19192 5.906 3.17E−02 Homo sapiens partial LHX9gene for −2.2486 1.64952 −0.13424 7.89E−03 LIM-homeobox 9, 3UTR. Homosapiens LYST-interacting protein −0.682149 2.34271 −0.31253 9.87E−03LIP3 mRNA, partial cds. /PROD = LYST- interacting protein LIP3 putative47 kDa protein −0.123937 3.2914 1.05247 3.72E−03 Homo sapiens protein S(alpha) 0.577604 4.00035 1.7883 7.89E−03 (PROS1), mRNA. /PROD = proteinS (alpha) /FL = gb: M15036.1 gb: NM_000313.1 ESTs −1.63711 0.915477−2.15328 1.83E−02 protocadherin 10 1.76718 5.1503 2.98569 2.52E−02KIAA1511 protein 0.620278 3.86886 1.57543 1.86E−03 Homo sapiens cDNAFLJ13221 fis, 0.282785 3.44178 1.08178 1.31E−03 clone NT2RP4002075 Homosapiens fibroblast growth factor −1.72385 2.26674 0.747239 6.86E−03receptor 4, soluble-form splice variant (FGFR4) mRNA, complete cds./PROD = fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, soluble-form splice variant/FL = gb: NM_022963.1 gb: AF202063.1 X75208 /FEATURE = cds −1.367292.60456 1.08204 1.58E−02 /DEFINITION = HSPTKR H. sapiens HEK2 mRNA forprotein tyrosine kinase receptor Homo sapiens chemokine receptor 2.305576.72969 5.66933 3.31E−02 CXCR4 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = chemokinereceptor CXCR4 /FL = gb: AF348491.1 KIAA1415 protein 0.185854 3.703461.74255 7.78E−04 ESTs −0.048335 3.11786 0.836448 1.29E−02 Homo sapiensstanniocalcin 1 (STC1), 2.39435 6.55737 5.28007 2.19E−02 mRNA. /PROD =stanniocalcin 1 /FL = gb: U25997.1 gb: NM_003155.1 gb: U46768.1 Homosapiens high mobility group 1.04695 3.2786 0.095286 2.11E−02 protein-RmRNA, complete cds. /PROD = high mobility group protein-R /FL = gb:AF176039.1 ESTs, Moderately similar to −1.10358 1.66331 −0.983713.37E−02 ALU4_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SB2 SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNINGENTRY (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens arrestin, beta 1 (ARRB1), −0.1588442.41791 −0.40915 1.12E−02 transcript variant 1, mRNA. /PROD = arrestinbeta 1, isoform A /FL = gb: BC003636.1 gb: AF084040.1 gb: NM_004041.2ESTs −1.34399 1.80279 −0.44529 1.60E−03 Human mRNA for pro-alpha 1 (II)0.85982 4.1935 2.15657 1.09E−02 collagen 3end C-term. triple helical andC-terminal non-helical domain. /PROD = pro-alpha 1 (II) collagen (313AA; AA 975-271c) /FL = gb: NM_001844.2 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein1.47773 4.42479 2.00326 1.16E−03 DKFZp564B052 (DKFZp564B052), mRNA./PROD = hypothetical protein DKFZp564B052 /FL = gb: NM_030820.1 testisenhanced gene transcript (BAX −0.695228 2.99328 1.31679 1.17E−03inhibitor 1) Homo sapiens fasciculation and 1.86433 4.71354 2.203158.62E−05 elongation protein zeta 1 (zygin I) (FEZ1), transcript variant1, mRNA. /PROD = zygin 1, isoform 1 /FL = gb: U60060.1 gb: U69139.1 gb:NM_005103.2 Homo sapiens matrix metalloproteinase −0.298504 3.445821.8336 4.80E−03 15 (membrane-inserted) (MMP15), mRNA. /PROD = matrixmetalloproteinase 15 preproprotein /FL = gb: D86331.1 gb: NM_002428.1heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 −2.53327 0.924726 −0.97212 4.31E−02(perlecan) /FL = gb: M85289.1 gb: NM_005529.2 Homo sapiens dickkopf(Xenopus laevis) 0.981469 3.70716 1.09014 1.76E−03 homolog 1 (DKK1),mRNA. /PROD = dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 1 /FL = gb: AF177394.1gb: NM_012242.1 gb: AF127563.1 ESTs −0.801487 3.37342 2.21393 1.22E−02ESTs −2.57626 1.40231 0.050493 6.60E−03 ESTs 0.499579 4.10541 2.399344.29E−03 Homo sapiens bone morphogenetic 2.04506 6.19114 5.029274.98E−02 protein 2 (BMP2), mRNA. /PROD = bone morphogenetic protein 2precursor /FL = gb: NM_001200.1 Human extracellular matrix protein 10.634778 3.65829 1.37564 6.11E−04 (ECM1) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =extracellular matrix protein 1 /FL = gb: NM_004425.2 gb: U65932.1 gb:U68186.1 Homo sapiens nuclear receptor −1.92783 2.32456 1.27907 2.99E−02subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (NR0B1), mRNA. /PROD = adrenal hypoplasiaprotein /FL = gb: NM_000475.2 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ23067 fis, −2.256261.95987 0.882498 6.62E−03 clone LNG04993. Homo sapiens ADP-ribosylationfactor 4- 1.63466 5.70351 4.48037 1.90E−02 like (ARF4L), mRNA. /PROD =ADP- ribosylation factor 4-like /FL = gb: U25771.1 gb: L38490.1 gb:NM_001661.1 gb: BC000043.1 Homo sapiens HT016 mRNA, complete 0.2187623.97514 2.45222 3.37E−02 cds. /PROD = HT016 /FL = gb: AF225426.1 Homosapiens, tropomodulin, clone 0.348796 3.54199 1.46427 1.29E−03 MGC:3643, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = tropomodulin /FL = gb: NM_003275.1 gb:M77016.1 gb: BC002660.1 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein 0.9038254.65366 3.1349 2.48E−02 FLJ22471 (FLJ22471), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ22471 /FL = gb: NM_025140.1 ESTs −0.120583 2.94229 0.7383047.20E−03 ESTs, Moderately similar to JC4969 pig- −2.39713 0.906454−1.04495 1.69E−02 c protein (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens LIM homeoboxprotein 1 −0.77166 2.27746 0.085559 4.26E−02 (LHX1), mRNA. /PROD = LIMhomeobox protein 1 /FL = gb: NM_005568.1 gb: U14755.1 Homo sapiens,hypothetical protein −2.43105 0.646883 −1.50617 8.27E−03 MGC2865, cloneMGC: 20246 IMAGE: 4635389, mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: BC016043.1 ESTs−2.01523 2.16773 1.12403 1.99E−02 Homo sapiens oxoglutarate −0.0325952.3997 −0.38533 1.45E−02 dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (OGDH), mRNA. /PROD =oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) /FL = gb: D10523.1 gb: BC004964.1gb: NM_002541.1 ESTs, Weakly similar to T32252 2.20966 5.35974 3.332551.12E−04 hypothetical protein T15B7.2- Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans) Homo sapiens, cleft lip and palate 1.31578 3.52357 0.5567352.92E−03 associated transmembrane protein 1, clone MGC: 10593, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = cleft lip and palate associatedtransmembraneprotein 1 /FL = gb: BC004865.1 Homo sapiens clone TUA8Cri-du-chat 0.09218 3.37126 1.49746 6.46E−03 region mRNA Homo sapienstranscriptional activator of 0.666391 4.50481 3.22532 5.80E−03 the c-fospromoter (CROC4), mRNA. /PROD = transcriptional activator of the c- fospromoter /FL = gb: NM_006365.1 gb: U49857.1 Homo sapiens hypotheticalprotein −1.38519 2.23626 0.763963 7.36E−03 FLJ21195 similar to proteinrelated to DAC and cerberus (FLJ21195), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ21195 similar to proteinrelated to DAC and cerberus /FL = gb:NM_022469.1 ras homolog gene family, member B −0.123101 2.52093 0.0718851.86E−02 /FL = gb: AF498971.1 gb: NM_004040.1 cartilage linking protein1 0.879449 3.47789 0.987243 1.03E−03 Homo sapiens BCL2adenovirus E1B3.30506 6.91803 5.44746 1.79E−03 19 kD-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = BCL2adenovirus E1B 19 kD- interactingprotein 3 /FL = gb: AF002697.1 gb: NM_004052.2 gb: U15174.1 Homo sapienspolycythemia rubra vera −1.19629 2.40987 0.93741 9.40E−03 1; cellsurface receptor (PRV1), mRNA. /PROD = polycythemia rubra vera 1; cellsurfacereceptor /FL = gb: NM_020406.1 gb: AF146747.1 Homo sapienshypothetical protein −0.044112 3.42017 1.80688 3.77E−03 FLJ11560(FLJ11560), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ11560 /FL = gb:NM_025182.1 plexin A2 0.930527 4.36203 2.74167 1.52E−02 Homo sapiensmRNA; cDNA 1.37193 4.24502 2.08129 5.37E−04 DKFZp547H236 (from cloneDKFZp547H236). /PROD = hypothetical protein Homo sapiens cystatin C(amyloid 2.08601 5.30525 3.51965 2.20E−03 angiopathy and cerebralhemorrhage) (CST3), mRNA. /PROD = cystatin C (amyloid angiopathy andcerebralhemorrhage) /FL = gb: NM_000099.1 ESTs, Moderately similar toNFY-C −0.749407 2.00148 −0.24268 2.34E−03 (H. sapiens) ESTs 2.542435.75201 3.97307 2.60E−02 Homo sapiens sialyltransferase (STHM), −0.687092.89586 1.50348 3.70E−02 mRNA. /PROD = sialyltransferase /FL = gb:U14550.1 gb: NM_006456.1 Homo sapiens SG2NA beta isoform −1.155661.13989 −1.53439 1.55E−02 mRNA, partial cds. /PROD = SG2NA beta isoformHomo sapiens hypothetical protein 1.49091 4.80138 3.15205 2.63E−02FLJ12838 (FLJ12838), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ12838 /FL =gb: NM_024641.1 Homo sapiens solute carrier 0.403706 2.12385 −1.100431.78E−02 (SLC25A18) mRNA, complete cds; nuclear gene for mitochondrialproduct. /PROD = solute carrier /FL = gb: AY008285.1 KIAA0346 protein−1.34736 2.49605 1.41497 3.90E−03 Human clone 23826 mRNA sequence1.80782 4.07112 1.44315 2.28E−04 Homo sapiens receptor tyrosine kinase-1.53333 4.73839 3.05612 1.63E−02 like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), mRNA./PROD = receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 /FL = gb:M97639.1 gb: NM_004560.1 Homo sapiens MYC-associated zinc −0.0555692.67075 0.511292 2.63E−02 finger protein (purine-binding transcriptionfactor) (MAZ), mRNA. /PROD = MYC-associated zinc finger protein(purine-binding transcription factor) /FL = gb: D85131.1 gb: NM_002383.1Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ30081 fis, 0.677905 3.33728 1.12499 1.12E−04 cloneBGGI12000693, weakly similar to POLYHOMEOTIC-PROXIMAL CHROMATIN PROTEIN.Homo sapiens elongation of very long 0.099979 3.23372 1.50802 2.59E−03chain fatty acids (FEN1Elo2, SUR4Elo3, yeast)-like 2 (ELOVL2), mRNA./PROD = elongation of very long chain fatty acids (FEN1Elo2, SUR4Elo3,yeast)-like 2 /FL = gb: NM_017770.1 Homo sapiens thyrotropin-releasing−1.65672 1.46994 −0.25839 3.02E−02 hormone (TRH), mRNA. /PROD =thyrotropin-releasing hormone /FL = gb: NM_007117.1 ESTs, Weakly similarto A46302 PTB- 0.894051 4.21835 2.69535 1.57E−02 associated splicingfactor, long form (H. sapiens) Human MLC1emb gene for embryonic 1.34895.11354 4.03961 1.61E−02 myosin alkaline light chain, promoter and exon1 Homo sapiens microseminoprotein, −2.37904 1.3101 0.169915 2.46E−02beta- (MSMB), mRNA. /PROD = microseminoprotein, beta- /FL = gb:NM_002443.1 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ11390 fis, −1.12944 2.02889 0.3643730.00E+00 clone HEMBA1000561, weakly similar to ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 91.ESTs, Weakly similar to ALU8_HUMAN 2.76608 6.07949 4.57766 1.93E−02 ALUSUBFAMILY SX SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) Homosapiens cDNA FLJ13810 fis, −2.92389 0.51764 −0.85322 8.08E−03 cloneTHYRO1000279 Homo sapiens, aminolevulinate, delta-, 1.3099 4.445252.76918 7.69E−03 dehydratase, clone MGC: 5057, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD= aminolevulinate, delta-, dehydratase /FL = gb: BC000977.1 gb: M13928.1gb: NM_000031.1 Homo sapiens kidney-specific 1.91929 5.08917 3.449686.91E−03 membrane protein NX-17 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =kidney-specific membrane protein NX-17 /FL = gb: AF229179.1 Homo sapiensalpha 2,8- −1.10548 2.36359 1.05469 4.63E−03 sialyltransferase mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase /FL = gb: L43494.1 gb:D26360.1 gb: L32867.1 gb: NM_003034.1 tyrosine 3-monooxygenasetryptophan5- 2.98486 6.17918 4.60758 8.01E−03 monooxygenase activation protein,eta polypeptide Homo sapiens cardiac ankyrin repeat −0.002291 3.356451.98688 3.44E−02 protein (CARP), mRNA. /PROD = cardiac ankyrin repeatprotein /FL = gb: NM_014391.1 Homo sapiens porcupine (MG61), 1.517544.96311 3.68103 9.86E−03 mRNA. /PROD = porcupine /FL = gb: AF317059.1gb: AF317058.1 gb: NM_022825.1 collagen, type V, alpha 1 1.5875 3.988441.66569 1.17E−03 /FL = gb: D90279.1 gb: NM_000093.1 gb: M76729.1 Homosapiens forkhead box F2 −1.54469 1.02305 −1.11517 6.95E−03 (FOXF2),mRNA. /PROD = forkhead box F2 /FL = gb: U13220.1 gb: NM_001452.1 PTPRFinteracting protein, binding −1.92021 3.74378 2.77277 2.10E−02 protein 2(liprin beta 2) Homo sapiens PRO1957 mRNA, 1.68941 5.30311 4.227051.43E−02 complete cds. /PROD = PRO1957 /FL = gb: AF116676.1 Homo sapienshypothetical protein 0.564613 5.98527 5.24692 2.85E−02 FLJ23514(FLJ23514), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ23514 /FL = gb:NM_021827.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA −1.80897 1.69722 0.523009 2.47E−02DKFZp586G2120 (from clone DKFZp586G2120); complete cds. /PROD =hypothetical protein /FL = gb: AL136924.1 Cluster Incl. L37033: HumanFK-506 0.615619 3.478 1.66132 1.54E−02 binding protein homologue(FKBP38) mRNA, complete cds /cds = (140, 1207) /gb = L37033 /gi = 965469/ug = Hs.173464 /len = 1613 ESTs −0.004009 3.63657 2.61352 4.29E−02 Homosapiens apolipoprotein C-I 3.24954 6.71073 5.50997 2.16E−02 (APOC1),mRNA. /PROD = apolipoprotein C-I precursor /FL = gb: NM_001645.2 ESTs1.38635 4.93112 3.83641 1.39E−02 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ34035 fis,−3.58002 −0.48718 −2.00751 1.46E−02 clone FCBBF2004788. Homo sapiens,clone IMAGE: 3509274, 0.493686 2.94923 0.794513 1.82E−02 mRNA, partialcds Homo sapiens putative sterol reductase 1.66857 4.3767 2.478335.37E−04 SR-1 (TM7SF2) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = putative sterolreductase SR-1 /FL = gb: AF096304.1 nuclear factor of kappa lightpolypeptide 2.91463 6.48938 5.47812 1.97E−02 gene enhancer in B-cellsinhibitor, alpha /FL = gb: NM_020529.1 gb: BC002601.1 gb: BC004983.1 gb:M69043.1 hypothetical protein FLJ12666 0.215767 3.10249 1.40459 1.91E−02Homo sapiens ectodermal dysplasia 1, 0.796627 4.22895 3.07833 1.01E−02anhidrotic (ED1), mRNA. /PROD = ectodermal dysplasia 1, anhidrotic /FL =gb: AF060999.1 gb: NM_001399.1 gb: AF040628.1 gb: AF061189.1glycoprotein M6A /FL = gb: D49958.1 0.274378 3.59045 2.3278 2.64E−02ESTs 1.04714 3.87608 2.12752 3.75E−02 ESTs −1.48489 1.371 −0.350431.88E−03 ESTs, Weakly similar to KIAA1330 −0.925232 2.41149 1.181872.65E−03 protein (H. sapiens) putative 47 kDa protein 0.156484 2.787710.861726 2.60E−02 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein −0.595622 4.847853.94683 3.34E−02 FLJ32835 (FLJ32835), mRNA. /FL = gb: NM_152506.1 Homosapiens GS1999full mRNA, 0.137029 2.75189 0.849942 0.00E+00 completecds. /FL = gb: AB048286.1 Homo sapiens hexabrachion (tenascin 3.968625.66572 2.85391 1.39E−02 C, cytotactin) (HXB), mRNA. /PROD =hexabrachion (tenascin C, cytotactin) /FL = gb: M55618.1 gb: NM_002160.1Homo sapiens Pig10 (PIG10) mRNA, 0.129454 2.86013 1.09765 1.16E−03complete cds. /PROD = Pig10 /FL = gb: AF059611.1 gb: AF010314.1 gb:NM_003633.1 gb: BC000418.1 gb: AF005381.1 Homo sapiens annexin A6(ANXA6), 3.89026 6.43752 4.49981 8.81E−04 transcript variant 1, mRNA./PROD = annexin VI isoform 1 /FL = gb: D00510.1 gb: J03578.1 gb:NM_001155.2 Homo sapiens c-mer proto-oncogene 1.78994 4.92901 3.616651.84E−02 tyrosine kinase (MERTK), mRNA. /PROD = c-mer proto-oncogenetyrosine kinase /FL = gb: NM_006343.1 gb: U08023.1 Homo sapienscaspase-like apoptosis 0.434199 5.04863 5.2167 2.46E−02 regulatoryprotein 2 (clarp) mRNA, alternatively spliced, complete cds. /PROD =caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein 2 /FL = gb: AF005775.1 Humanembryonic myosin alkali light 1.94171 5.24959 4.11475 2.11E−02 chain(MLC1) mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: M36172.1 gb: M24121.1 gb:NM_002476.1 Homo sapiens phosphatidylinositol-4- 1.34876 4.12788 2.466573.66E−03 phosphate 5-kinase, type I, beta (PIP5K1B), mRNA. /PROD =phosphatidylinositol-4- phosphate 5-kinase, typeI, beta /FL = gb:NM_003558.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 1.36443 4.34866 2.94283 2.92E−03DKFZp434E082 (from clone DKFZp434E082) Homo sapiens dystrophin (muscular1.40427 4.41881 3.04441 1.83E−02 dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker types),includes DXS142, DXS164, DXS206, DXS230, DXS239, DXS268, DXS269, DXS270,DXS272 (DMD), transcript variant Dp427p2, mRNA. /PROD = dystrophinDp427p2 isoform /FL = gb: NM_004010.1 Homo sapiens, clone MGC: 14801,2.03928 3.96694 1.51059 5.65E−04 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Unknown(protein for MGC: 14801) /FL = gb: BC005997.1 Homo sapiens hypotheticalprotein −0.290244 2.2418 0.40157 6.04E−03 BC017868 (LOC159091), mRNA./FL = gb: BC017868.1 gb: NM_138819.1 ESTs, Highly similar to AF229172 1−0.475471 1.94826 0.002417 5.28E−03 class III myosin (H. sapiens) Homosapiens solute carrier family 9 0.047487 2.80601 1.19645 2.80E−03(sodiumhydrogen exchanger), isoform 5 (SLC9A5), mRNA. /PROD = solutecarrier family 9 (sodiumhydrogenexchanger), isoform 5 /FL = gb:AF111173.1 gb: NM_004594.1 Homo sapiens F37Esophageal cancer- −0.1288143.17069 2.10422 1.54E−02 related gene-coding leucine-zipper motif(FEZ1), mRNA. /PROD = F37Esophageal cancer-related gene-codingleucine-zipper motif /FL = gb: AF123659.1 gb: NM_021020.1 Homo sapiensdeiodinase, −0.136937 5.08366 4.22897 1.41E−02 iodothyronine, type III(DIO3), mRNA. /PROD = thyroxine deiodinase type III /FL = gb:NM_001362.1 gb: S79854.1 Homo sapiens insulin-like growth factor 2.61265.13945 3.30402 9.72E−04 binding protein 6 (IGFBP6), mRNA. /PROD =insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 /FL = gb: BC005007.1 gb:M62402.1 gb: BC003507.1 gb: NM_002178.1 Homo sapiens U2 small nuclear−0.821533 1.81533 0.096512 4.72E−02 ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor(65 kD) (U2AF65), mRNA. /PROD = U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteinauxiliaryfactor (65 kD) /FL = gb: NM_007279.1 Homo sapiens hypotheticalprotein −1.11464 1.81375 0.394686 9.09E−03 DKFZp434F0318(DKFZP434F0318), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein DKFZp434F0318 /FL =gb: NM_030817.1 Homo sapiens BACE mRNA for beta- 0.48553 3.13284 1.445884.99E−04 site APP cleaving enzyme I-476, complete cds. /PROD = beta-siteAPP cleaving enzyme I-476 /FL = gb: AB050436.1 ESTs, Weakly similar toALUC_HUMAN 1.07951 4.06134 2.7193 2.11E−02 !!!! ALU CLASS C WARNINGENTRY !!! (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA0876 −0.432037 1.977360.073246 3.37E−02 protein, partial cds. /PROD = KIAA0876 protein Homosapiens mRNA for protein- 0.160986 2.75713 1.04172 2.11E−02 tyrosinekinase, complete cds. /PROD = protein-tyrosine kinase /FL = gb: U05682.1gb: D17517.1 gb: D50479.1 KIAA0418 gene product −0.677643 1.831340.034385 1.45E−04 Homo sapiens phosphofructokinase, 2.039 4.517472.70388 1.28E−03 liver (PFKL), mRNA. /PROD = phosphofructokinase, liver/FL = gb: NM_002626.1 gb: BC004920.1 gb: X15573.1 Homo sapiens enolase2, (gamma, 2.60624 5.37458 3.92621 3.17E−03 neuronal) (ENO2), mRNA./PROD = enolase 2, (gamma, neuronal) /FL = gb: NM_001975.1 gb:BC002745.1 gb: M22349.1 Homo sapiens AD036 mRNA, complete −0.5033342.65787 1.60278 3.61E−02 cds. /PROD = AD036 /FL = gb: AF260333.1 ESTs−2.07933 1.00157 −0.1307 2.39E−02 Homo sapiens keratin 19 (KRT19),3.80582 6.96535 5.91937 2.11E−02 mRNA. /PROD = keratin 19 /FL = gb:NM_002276.1 gb: BC002539.1 pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 −0.6467931.88692 0.221481 4.21E−03 /FL = gb: U72621.3 Homo sapiens, Similar tolipase protein, −1.16073 1.9994 0.961706 1.89E−02 clone MGC: 2843, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = Similar to lipase protein /FL = gb: NM_020676.1gb: BC001698.1 Cluster Incl. AB002344: Human mRNA 2.15679 4.913323.47797 7.39E−03 for KIAA0346 gene, partial cds /cds = (0, 4852) /gb =AB002344 /gi = 2280479 /ug = Hs.103915 /len = 6121 Cluster Incl. N80935:zb07g06.s1 Homo 2.12419 4.48236 2.66555 1.50E−02 sapiens cDNA, 3 end/clone = IMAGE- 301402 /clone_end = 3 /gb = N80935 /gi = 1243636 /ug =Hs.22483 /len = 527 tryptase, alpha 2.99108 5.46095 3.76442 1.31E−03ESTs, Weakly similar to Z132_HUMAN 1.04865 3.65906 2.12166 2.43E−02 ZINCFINGER PROTEIN 13 (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens core histone 1.67293 4.739063.66212 3.62E−02 macroH2A2.2 (MACROH2A2), mRNA. /PROD = core histonemacroH2A2.2 /FL = gb: AF151534.1 gb: NM_018649.1 ESTs −0.146413 2.693341.39451 1.02E−02 Human rho GDI mRNA, complete cds. 0.019358 1.75075−0.65155 1.85E−02 /PROD = human rho GDI /FL = gb: M97579.1 gb: D13989.1gb: NM_004309.1 heat shock 90 kD protein 1, alpha 1.69225 4.205762.60887 2.10E−02 Homo sapiens BTB (POZ) domain 1.10085 3.7628 2.324641.85E−02 containing 2 (BTBD2), mRNA. /PROD = BTB (POZ) domain containing2 /FL = gb: NM_017797.1 Homo sapiens mandaselin long form −0.1480532.58361 1.2296 1.57E−02 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = mandaselin long form/FL = gb: AY048775.1 signal transducer and activator of −0.8372611.90254 0.560225 8.83E−04 transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor)Homo sapiens lymphocyte antigen 6 0.866364 4.91832 4.92642 2.78E−02complex, locus E (LY6E), mRNA. /PROD = lymphocyte antigen 6 complex,locus E /FL = gb: U42376.1 gb: NM_002346.1 gb: U56145.1 ESTs −1.246321.09042 −0.61316 4.05E−02 Homo sapiens, clone IMAGE: 4047715, −2.508161.81 1.52693 2.63E−02 mRNA. Cluster Incl. AB002344: Human mRNA 1.895784.61333 3.31717 1.12E−02 for KIAA0346 gene, partial cds /cds = (0, 4852)/gb = AB002344 /gi = 2280479 /ug = Hs.103915 /len = 6121 Homo sapienssinged (Drosophila)-like 4.23317 6.74774 5.25403 5.12E−03 (sea urchinfascin homolog like) (SNL), mRNA. /PROD = singed (Drosophila)-like (seaurchin fascinhomolog like) /FL = gb: BC000521.1 gb: NM_003088.1 gb:U03057.1 gb: U09873.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA −2.72593 1.58998 1.279944.54E−02 DKFZp586L0120 (from clone DKFZp586L0120). Homo sapiensmitogen-activated protein 0.647994 3.46459 2.28644 6.65E−03 kinase 10(MAPK10), mRNA. /PROD = mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 /FL = gb:U07620.1 gb: U34819.1 gb: U34820.1 gb: NM_002753.1 Homo sapienstransmembrane tyrosine −0.006089 2.96035 1.93237 7.69E−03 kinase mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = tyrosine kinase /FL = gb: L08961.1 Homo sapiensmRNA; cDNA 2.83663 5.30784 3.79206 6.22E−03 DKFZp762H185 (from cloneDKFZp762H185) tyrosine 3-monooxygenasetryptophan 5- 3.48271 6.193684.92556 2.11E−02 monooxygenase activation protein, eta polypeptide Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 0.581419 3.38088 2.21428 3.89E−02 DKFZp434K0621 (fromclone DKFZp434K0621); partial cds ESTs, Weakly similar to ALUF_HUMAN−1.03247 1.75349 0.587598 2.11E−02 !!!! ALU CLASS F WARNING ENTRY !!!(H. sapiens) tudor repeat associator with PCTAIRE 2 2.15771 4.691273.27451 2.63E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 4.49405 7.38448 6.334741.39E−02 DKFZp564K1672 (from clone DKFZp564K1672); partial cds. /PROD =hypothetical protein ESTs −0.184212 2.15367 0.554696 1.15E−02 Homosapiens bHLH factor Hes4 0.47816 3.40725 2.40001 3.16E−02 (LOC57801),mRNA. /PROD = bHLH factor Hes4 /FL = gb: NM_021170.1 gb: AB048791.1 Homosapiens guanylate cyclase −0.714216 1.95339 0.684983 3.38E−03 activator1B (retina) (GUCA1B), mRNA. /PROD = guanylate cyclase activator 1B(retina) /FL = gb: M95174.1 gb: NM_002098.1 gb: M97496.1 KIAA0918protein −1.39708 0.961939 −0.57499 1.40E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA forKIAA1161 0.781796 3.32846 1.98143 6.60E−03 protein, partial cds. /PROD =KIAA1161 protein Homo sapiens, Similar to B9 protein, 1.43881 3.804572.29205 8.62E−05 clone MGC: 11339, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similarto B9 protein /FL = gb: BC002944.1 hypothetical protein FLJ12666 2.340875.11201 4.02837 1.97E−02 Homo sapiens FLICE-like inhibitory 0.1357834.45631 4.92758 1.96E−02 protein short form mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =FLICE-like inhibitory protein short form /FL = gb: U97075.1 Homo sapiensolfactory receptor, family −0.309574 2.08723 0.636487 4.36E−03 52,subfamily A, member 1 (OR52A1), mRNA. /PROD = olfactory receptor, family52, subfamily A, member 1 /FL = gb: NM_012375.1 Human DNA sequence fromclone RP4- 2.82768 5.54517 4.43909 2.04E−03 781L3 on chromosome1p34.3-36.11 Contains a pseudogene similar to IFITM3 (interferoninducedntransmembrane protein 3 (1- 8U)), STSs and GSSs Homo sapiensKIAA0127 gene product 2.05236 4.43794 3.00216 3.12E−02 (KIAA0127), mRNA./PROD = KIAA0127 gene product /FL = gb: D50917.1 gb: NM_014755.1 Homosapiens clone HB-2 mRNA −0.503949 2.27896 1.25171 3.01E−02 sequencehypothetical protein FLJ23091 −0.76092 3.70916 3.04154 2.45E−02 ESTs−0.403665 2.01868 0.643615 5.11E−04 ESTs 2.14401 4.70353 3.471143.15E−03 Homo sapiens regulator of G protein 3.0091 5.37511 3.951321.29E−03 signalling 5 (RGS5) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = regulator of Gprotein signalling 5 /FL = gb: AF493929.1 endothelin receptor type A−1.83423 2.54948 1.95432 1.51E−02 /FL = gb: NM_001957.1 gb: L06622.1 H.sapiens skeletal embryonic myosin 0.690058 3.3896 2.36018 3.27E−02 lightchain 1 (MLC1) mRNA. /PROD = myosin light chain 1 Homo sapiensKruppel-like factor 8 0.326119 2.825 1.63929 3.92E−02 (KLF8), mRNA./PROD = Kruppel-like factor 8 /FL = gb: U28282.1 gb: NM_007250.1hypothetical protein DKFZp434F2322 0.070576 2.58185 1.42121 5.81E−03Homo sapiens transcription factor 2, −1.12537 3.45355 2.54347 1.15E−02hepatic; LF-B3; variant hepatic nuclear factor (TCF2), transcriptvariant a, mRNA. /PROD = transcription factor 2, isoform a /FL = gb:NM_000458.1 H2A histone family, member X 1.37085 2.48515 −0.040571.34E−02 Homo sapiens H1 histone family, 3.21701 5.68105 4.509694.29E−03 member X (H1FX), mRNA. /PROD = H1 histone family, member X /FL= gb: D64142.1 gb: BC000426.1 gb: NM_006026.1 ESTs, Weakly similar toKIAA1399 −0.831241 2.82364 2.79997 4.18E−02 protein (H. sapiens) Homosapiens PNAS-145 mRNA, 2.84962 5.38084 4.2868 8.61E−03 complete cds./PROD = PNAS-145 /FL = gb: U03105.1 gb: NM_006813.1 gb: AF279899.1 Homosapiens erythrocyte membrane −0.306603 2.11391 0.923806 4.81E−03 proteinband 4.9 (dematin) (EPB49), mRNA. /PROD = erythrocyte membrane proteinband 4.9 (dematin) /FL = gb: NM_001978.1 gb: U28389.1 ESTs 0.7835453.23146 2.07738 2.13E−02 ESTs 1.17515 3.61815 2.46265 1.56E−03 nudix(nucleoside diphosphate linked 2.09472 5.82355 5.68859 3.63E−02 moietyX)-type motif 4 Novel human mRNA from chromosome −0.533665 3.446793.05803 3.99E−02 22. /PROD = hypothetical protein Homo sapiens partialmRNA for putative 1.55224 3.89366 2.67866 1.53E−03 nuclear factor. /PROD= putative nuclear factor /FL = gb: NM_017688.1 Homo sapiensBCL2adenovirus E1B 4.51142 6.99506 5.92755 2.25E−03 19 kD-interactingprotein 3 (BNIP3), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA./PROD = BCL2adenovirus E1B 19 kD- interacting protein 3 /FL = gb:AF002697.1 gb: NM_004052.2 gb: U15174.1 Homo sapiens bone morphogenetic−0.6099 1.76351 0.614791 6.46E−03 protein 5 (BMP5), mRNA. /PROD = bonemorphogenetic protein 5 /FL = gb: M60314.1 gb: NM_021073.1 Homo sapiensnuclear receptor −0.213822 4.14059 3.29782 3.42E−02 subfamily 0, groupB, member 1 (NR0B1), mRNA. /PROD = adrenal hypoplasia protein /FL = gb:NM_000475.2 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 1.76846 4.196 3.11284 1.23E−02DKFZp434P228 (from clone DKFZp434P228) Homo sapiens pilin-liketranscription 3.14467 5.51066 4.38212 3.80E−03 factor (PILB), mRNA./PROD = pilin-like transcription factor /FL = gb: AF122004.1 gb:NM_012228.1 Homo sapiens complement component −1.89639 1.65637 1.596431.74E−02 5 (C5), mRNA. /PROD = complement component 5 /FL = gb: M57729.1gb: NM_001735.1 Homo sapiens adaptor-related protein −0.208283 2.174041.07398 1.39E−02 complex 3, beta 2 subunit (AP3B2), mRNA. /PROD =adaptor-related protein complex 3, beta 2subunit /FL = gb: AF022152.1gb: NM_004644.1 gb: U37673.1 Homo sapiens dynein, axonemal, light0.458271 2.88755 1.8494 3.66E−03 polypeptide 4 (DNAL4), mRNA. /PROD =dynein, axonemal, light polypeptide 4 /FL = gb: BC002968.1 gb:NM_005740.1 Homo sapiens, Similar to RIKEN cDNA 0.087468 2.45867 1.427013.35E−03 C330013D18 gene, clone MGC: 11226, mRNA, complete cds Homosapiens cDNA: FLJ22731 fis, −2.30948 1.62817 2.24143 4.15E−02 cloneHSI15841. ESTs 0.532996 4.6172 3.79228 2.76E−02 Homo sapiens CXCR4 geneencoding 3.11086 7.24917 6.36084 3.13E−02 receptor CXCR4 stanniocalcin 12.48686 6.20245 5.70081 4.94E−02 KIAA0761 protein −2.09591 1.579351.05907 1.86E−02 ESTs −1.16374 2.24964 2.52108 3.83E−02 Homo sapienscDNA FLJ36116 fis, 3.02587 6.7146 6.15456 3.88E−02 clone TESTI2022338.Homo sapiens, clone MGC: 24252 −1.53346 2.53854 1.59251 3.91E−03 IMAGE:3932604, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Unknown (protein for MGC: 24252)/FL = gb: BC014364.1 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ13392 fis, −1.90184 1.761291.16856 1.47E−02 clone PLACE1001280 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein1.70617 5.11419 4.73391 2.71E−02 FLJ12538 similar to ras-related proteinRAB17 (FLJ12538), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ12538 similartoras-related protein RAB17 /FL = gb: AL136645.1 gb: NM_022449.1 HumanDNA sequence from clone −0.889422 2.90076 2.11955 3.52E−02 RP11-446H13on chromosome 10. Contains the 3 end of the gene for a novel proteinsimilar to KIAA1059 (ortholog of mouse VPS10 domain receptor proteinSORCS), an RPL23A (60S ribosmal protein 23A) pseudogene, ESTs, STSs anHomo sapiens calmegin (CLGN), −0.104278 2.97817 3.11092 1.89E−02 mRNA./PROD = calmegin /FL = gb: NM_004362.1 gb: D86322.1 Homo sapienstestican 3 (HSAJ1454), −2.81226 0.7939 1.55068 3.99E−02 mRNA. /PROD =testican 3 /FL = gb: NM_016950.1 gb: BC000460.1 gb: BC003017.1 Homosapiens gelsolin (amyloidosis, 1.6198 4.54047 4.45008 1.07E−02 Finnishtype) (GSN), mRNA. /PROD = gelsolin (amyloidosis, Finnish type) /FL =gb: NM_000177.1 Homo sapiens endothelin receptor type 0.763007 4.059833.55203 3.99E−02 A (EDNRA), mRNA. /PROD = endothelin receptor type A /FL= gb: NM_001957.1 gb: L06622.1 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ22808 fis,−0.367449 2.7584 2.41394 4.31E−02 clone KAIA2925. Homo sapienshypothetical protein 1.59498 4.6335 4.89157 4.85E−02 FLJ10312(FLJ10312), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ10312 /FL = gb:NM_030672.1 Homo sapiens lipase mRNA, complete −2.2131 1.0208 0.558493.57E−02 cds. /PROD = lipase /FL = gb: AF225418.1 Homo sapiens cloneFLC1492 PRO3121 −0.300037 −0.46894 −3.39203 1.80E−02 mRNA, complete cds./PROD = PRO3121 /FL = gb: AF130082.1 protease, serine, 4 (trypsin 4,brain) −0.345569 2.86256 3.35886 4.65E−02 Homo sapiens ret fingerprotein-like 2 −2.15511 1.1797 0.503917 1.94E−02 (RFPL2), mRNA. /PROD =ret finger protein-like 2 /FL = gb: NM_006605.1 Homo sapiensbeta3GalNAcT-1 mRNA −2.73257 0.21269 −0.0984 2.48E−02 for globosidesynthase, complete cds, clone: type 2. /PROD = globoside synthase /FL =gb: AB050856.1 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein −3.34565 −0.42738−0.71255 3.07E−02 FLJ11155 (FLJ11155), mRNA. /PROD = hypotheticalprotein FLJ11155 /FL = gb: NM_018342.1 Homo sapiens, dual specificity2.11487 5.16681 5.60057 3.11E−02 phosphatase 4, clone MGC: 3713, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = dual specificity phosphatase 4 /FL = gb:NM_001394.2 gb: BC002671.1 gb: U48807.1 gb: U21108.1 Homo sapiens MAD(mothers against 0.917516 4.29847 3.5309 2.44E−02 decapentaplegic,Drosophila) homolog 6 (MADH6), mRNA. /PROD = MAD (mothers againstdecapentaplegic, Drosophila) homolog 6 /FL = gb: U59914.1 gb:NM_005585.1 secreted frizzled-related protein 1 1.64933 4.41286 4.217994.12E−02 /FL = gb: AF056087.1 gb: NM_003012.2 gb: AF017987.1 gb:AF001900.1 Homo sapiens secreted apoptosis 3.18446 5.9316 5.742513.31E−02 related protein 2 (SARP2) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = secretedapoptosis related protein 2 /FL = gb: AF056087.1 gb: NM_003012.2 gb:AF017987.1 gb: AF001900.1 KIAA0882 protein 2.05587 4.63577 4.674514.89E−02 Homo sapiens nudix (nucleoside 3.91519 6.54632 6.42767 4.63E−02diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 4 (NUDT4), mRNA. /PROD = nudix(nucleoside diphosphate linked moietyX)-type motif 4 /FL = gb:NM_019094.1 gb: AF191653.1 gb: AF191649.1 gb: AF191650.1 Homo sapienscDNA FLJ31061 fis, −1.30452 2.06218 1.20749 1.72E−02 clone HSYRA2000927.Homo sapiens diphosphoinositol 2.62612 5.53515 5.12935 3.96E−02polyphosphate phosphohydrolase type 2 beta (NUDT4) mRNA, complete cds./PROD = diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolasetype 2 beta /FL= gb: NM_019094.1 gb: AF191653.1 gb: AF191649.1 gb: AF191650.1 Homosapiens titin (TTN), mRNA. −0.466154 2.46856 2.00309 4.18E−03 /PROD =titin /FL = gb: NM_003319.1 carboxypeptidase E 2.72316 5.80072 5.156682.99E−02 /FL = gb: NM_001873.1 ESTs −1.80443 0.692933 0.613229 1.46E−03Homo sapiens hypothetical protein −1.60435 1.6149 2.4204 2.10E−02FLJ39502 (FLJ39502), mRNA. /FL = gb: NM_173648.1 Homo sapiens renaltumor antigen −0.305406 2.4556 2.09136 3.30E−02 (RAGE), mRNA. /PROD =renal tumor antigen /FL = gb: NM_014226.1 gb: AB022694.1 T-box 3 (ulnarmammary syndrome) −1.70952 1.31576 0.679584 1.29E−02 Homo sapiensmitogen-activated protein −1.14241 1.82177 1.23928 2.48E−02 kinasekinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8), mRNA. /PROD = mitogen-activated protein kinasekinase kinase8 /FL = gb: NM_005204.1 gb: D14497.1 Homo sapiensenoyl-Coenzyme A, 0.226733 3.18231 2.59938 6.22E−03hydratase3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EHHADH), nuclear geneencoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA. /PROD = enoyl-Coenzyme A,hydratase3-hydroxyacylCoenzyme A dehydrogenase /FL = gb: NM_001966.1 gb:L07077.1 ESTs 1.65525 3.9984 3.98375 1.97E−02 Homo sapiens secretedfrizzled-related 3.91678 7.18429 6.24313 2.35E−02 protein 1 (SFRP1),mRNA. /PROD = secreted frizzled-related protein 1 /FL = gb: AF056087.1gb: NM_003012.2 gb: AF017987.1 gb: AF001900.1 ESTs 2.28659 5.216754.59884 3.11E−02 Homo sapiens selenoprotein P, plasma, 2.73332 5.136255.04138 1.75E−02 1 (SEPP1), mRNA. /PROD = selenoprotein P precursor /FL= gb: NM_005410.1 hypothetical protein FLJ12838 2.21522 5.4785 4.508354.55E−02 /FL = gb: NM_024641.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA −2.59761 0.092924−0.31569 4.19E−02 DKFZp761M1216 (from clone DKFZp761M1216) Homo sapiensKPL1 (KPL1) mRNA, −0.08886 2.51294 2.15967 1.97E−02 complete cds. /PROD= KPL1 /FL = gb: AF081583.1 gb: U89715.1 gb: NM_021200.1 Homo sapiens,synovial sarcoma, X −1.57209 1.39869 2.12662 6.84E−03 breakpoint 1,clone MGC: 5162, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = synovial sarcoma, Xbreakpoint 1 /FL = gb: BC001003.2 gb: NM_005635.1 Homo sapiens, Similarto testican 3, −2.778 0.563149 1.66935 1.87E−02 clone MGC: 8506, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = Similar to testican 3 /FL = gb: NM_016950.1 gb:BC000460.1 gb: BC003017.1 ESTs 0.502949 3.0682 2.72874 2.02E−02 Homosapiens cDNA FLJ32963 fis, 1.49644 3.87336 3.68478 6.89E−03 cloneTESTI2008405. triadin /FL = gb: U18985.1 −1.61408 0.713083 0.5661751.87E−02 gb: NM_006073.1 Homo sapiens adlican mRNA, complete 0.8727863.20404 3.02406 4.21E−02 cds. /PROD = adlican /FL = gb: AF245505.1 Humanmidkine mRNA, complete cds. 3.55275 5.93819 5.68363 1.89E−02 /PROD =midkine /FL = gb: NM_002391.1 gb: M69148.1 Homo sapiens, synovialsarcoma, X −0.806785 1.90972 2.5215 4.17E−02 breakpoint 4, clone MGC:12411, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 4 /FL= gb: BC005325.1 ESTs −3.61193 −0.9408 −1.53439 2.43E−03 ESTs −0.6197141.93617 1.44843 4.14E−02 ESTs 0.446983 3.14315 2.48676 1.98E−02 Homosapiens flavin containing −0.476203 1.99948 1.55491 3.73E−02monooxygenase 5 (FMO5), mRNA. /PROD = flavin containing monooxygenase 5/FL = gb: L37080.1 gb: NM_001461.1 Homo sapiens aminopeptidase A−0.758987 2.07596 1.20831 3.00E−02 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =aminopeptidase A /FL = gb: L12468.1 gb: NM_001977.1 gb: L14721.1 Homosapiens hypothetical protein −0.713164 2.03145 1.24823 2.17E−03DKFZp761H1710 (DKFZP761H1710), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical proteinDKFZp761H1710 /FL = gb: NM_031297.1 ESTs −1.94194 0.608912 0.0132381.72E−02 Homo sapiens sialyltransferase 8 (alpha- −1.07243 1.838890.855205 2.16E−02 2,8-polysialytransferase) D (SIAT8D), mRNA. /PROD =sialyltransferase 8 (alpha-2,8-polysialytransferase) D /FL = gb:NM_005668.1 gb: L41680.1 Homo sapiens, clone IMAGE: 5194204, −2.132560.383746 1.02639 4.55E−02 mRNA. hypothetical protein MGC4342 −0.4030182.01722 1.41263 1.97E−02 /FL = gb: NM_024329.1 gb: BC003033.1 Homosapiens PHD finger protein 1 0.620171 2.95191 2.42296 2.32E−02 (PHF1),transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD = PHD finger protein 1, isoform b /FL= gb: NM_024165.1 gb: AF052205.1 actinin, alpha 4 0.436893 3.110512.23625 5.44E−03 Homo sapiens PCTAIRE protein kinase 2.38171 4.870714.16957 2.90E−03 1 (PCTK1), mRNA. /PROD = PCTAIRE protein kinase 1 /FL =gb: NM_006201.1 Human DNA sequence from clone 0.167347 2.56439 1.937363.93E−02 RP11-165F24 on chromosome 9. Contains the 3 end of the gene fora novel protein (similar to Drosophila CG6630 and CG11376, KIAA1058, ratTRG), an RPL12 (60S ribosomal protein L12) pseudogene, ESTs, STSs, GSSsand a C . . . insulin-like growth factor binding protein 0.9210683.60279 2.67905 4.80E−02 3 /FL = gb: NM_000598.1 Homo sapiens, cloneIMAGE: 3840937, 3.59778 6.12936 6.92649 8.62E−05 mRNA, partial cds./PROD = Unknown (protein for IMAGE: 3840937) Homo sapiensphosphoglucomutase 1 4.74364 7.09524 6.43056 2.21E−02 (PGM1), mRNA./PROD = phosphoglucomutase 1 /FL = gb: NM_002633.1 gb: BC001756.1 gb:M83088.1 apolipoprotein C-I 2.77701 5.23054 4.44049 3.39E−02 Homosapiens insulin induced gene 1 2.11462 4.44128 3.77765 3.21E−02(INSIG1), mRNA. /PROD = insulin induced gene 1 /FL = gb: NM_005542.1Human a6 (IV) collagen (COL4A6) 0.798849 3.23623 2.41372 1.38E−03 mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = A type IV collagen /FL = gb: U04845.1 Homo sapiensmRNA for alpha 1,6- 1.31479 3.6699 2.90742 3.48E−02 fucosyltransferase,complete cds. /PROD = alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase /FL = gb: AB049740.2ESTs, Moderately similar to Six5 0.434259 2.81512 1.9556 1.23E−02 (M.musculus) solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose 5.23156 7.637346.74444 1.99E−02 transporter), member 3 /FL = gb: NM_006931.1 gb:M20681.1 Human acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) 1.03965 3.45689 2.521252.62E−02 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = acid sphingomyelinase /FL = gb:NM_000543.1 gb: M59916.1 ESTs, Weakly similar to unnamed 3.0131 5.410214.46614 4.79E−03 protein product (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ33178fis, 0.137476 −1.9718 −4.73502 2.23E−03 clone ADRGL2002753. Homosapiens, parathyroid hormone-like 2.46289 −0.34647 −1.96791 3.05E−02hormone, clone MGC: 14611, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = parathyroidhormone-like hormone /FL = gb: BC005961.1 Homo sapiens colon carcinomarelated 2.50614 −0.01889 −1.04926 2.52E−02 protein (LOC51159), mRNA./PROD = colon carcinoma related protein /FL = gb: NM_016206.1 gb:AF099505.1 KIAA0036 gene product 3.05174 −0.66523 −2.2068 2.62E−02 Homosapiens cDNA FLJ13536 fis, 4.27968 1.86625 1.70965 1.11E−02 clonePLACE1006521 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ22463 fis, 3.68063 1.24806 1.397281.42E−02 clone HRC10126 Homo sapiens UDP-N- 2.71164 0.270906 0.4338831.98E−02 acetylglucosamine:a-1,3-D-mannoside beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV- homolog (HGNT-IV-H), mRNA. /PROD =UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:a- 1,3-D-mannosidebeta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV- homolog /FL = gb: AB024729.1 gb: NM_0tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 4.19529 1.63281 1.58393 7.53E−03 /FL =gb: D29992.1 gb: L27624.1 gb: NM_006528.1 gb: BC005330.1 ESTs 2.89240.521234 0.762594 2.82E−02 putative gene product −0.518738 −0.666151.82038 4.91E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA1758 2.42082 −0.039230.213473 1.25E−02 protein, partial cds. /PROD = KIAA1758 proteinprostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype 2.58497 0.196846 0.527172 1.42E−02EP4) /FL = gb: L25124.1 gb: D28472.1 gb: NM_000958.1 gb: L28175.1 Homosapiens cDNA: FLJ22463 fis, 2.85068 0.473875 0.830447 1.97E−02 cloneHRC10126 Homo sapiens heparan sulfate 3.18462 0.571052 0.709206 4.54E−02(glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS3ST2), mRNA. /PROD = heparansulfate D-glucosaminyl3-O- sulfotransferase 2 /FL = gb: AF105375.1 gb:AF105374.1 gb: NM_006043.1 Homo sapiens schwannomin interacting 5.59573.21054 3.57915 2.11E−02 protein 1 (SCHIP-1), mRNA. /PROD = schwannomininteracting protein 1 /FL = gb: AF145713.1 gb: NM_014575.1 Human lysyloxidase (LOX) gene, exon 7 2.11886 −0.24936 0.138069 2.55E−03 Humannephropontin mRNA, complete 7.82555 5.27856 5.06542 4.61E−02 cds. /PROD= nephropontin /FL = gb: M83248.1 Human mRNA for KIAA0386 gene, 3.92131.56305 1.13663 1.93E−02 complete cds. /FL = gb: AB002384.1 ESTs 3.221460.851355 0.404487 3.41E−03 Human glioma pathogenesis-related 3.201870.502872 0.348681 1.34E−02 protein (GliPR) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD =glioma pathogenesis-related protein /FL = gb: NM_006851.1 gb: U16307.1ESTs 2.96697 0.440894 0.773495 1.97E−02 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ13384 fis,5.9221 3.48419 3.9531 3.38E−02 clone PLACE1001062, highly similar toHomo sapiens mRNA for lysine- ketoglutarate reductasesaccharopinedehydrogenase. Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 6.06894 3.31919 3.4798 4.97E−02DKFZp761I1912 (from clone DKFZp761I1912) ESTs 4.12419 1.53997 1.882395.68E−03 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 2 5.49297 2.64534 2.760544.71E−02 (basic) (FGF2), mRNA. /PROD = fibroblast growth factor 2(basic) /FL = gb: NM_002006.1 gb: M27968.1 ribosomal protein L34pseudogene 1 3.45116 2.78236 5.10812 2.42E−02 HIV-1 rev binding protein2 4.4245 1.47599 1.52824 2.10E−02 H. sapiens FGF gene, exon 3 2.04849−0.34703 −0.95745 3.33E−02 /FL = gb: NM_000800.1 gb: M13361.1 ESTs2.03304 −0.9164 −0.83676 4.19E−02 ESTs 2.87393 0.428858 1.02011 9.72E−04Homo sapiens clone 23700 mRNA 4.60148 1.64243 1.72052 4.74E−02 sequenceESTs, Highly similar to S21424 nestin 3.08579 0.725853 1.40345 1.99E−02(H. sapiens) Homo sapiens actin, gamma 2, smooth 7.17155 4.15208 4.185514.72E−02 muscle, enteric (ACTG2), mRNA. /PROD = actin, gamma 2propeptide /FL = gb: NM_001615.2 hypothetical protein FLJ22833 2.807850.480636 1.25154 2.43E−02 Homo sapiens LIM homeobox protein 6 2.52571−0.06036 0.459727 4.37E−02 (LHX6), mRNA. /PROD = LIM homeobox protein 6/FL = gb: AB031041.1 gb: NM_014368.1 gb: AL136570.1 Homo sapiens, cloneIMAGE: 5271039, 3.05576 0.189935 0.452681 4.05E−02 mRNA. Homo sapienscAMP response element- 2.90971 0.487264 1.21334 4.24E−02 binding proteinCRE-BPa (H_GS165L15.1), mRNA. /PROD = cAMP response element-bindingprotein CRE- BPa /FL = gb: NM_004904.1 gb: L05911.1 G protein-coupledreceptor 1 1.15804 −1.24345 −0.49352 2.28E−03 /FL = gb: NM_005279.1 Homosapiens neuropilin (NRP) and 3.25525 0.20233 0.301354 2.83E−02 tolloid(TLL)-like 1 (NETO1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. /PROD = neuropilin-and tolloid-like protein 1 isoform 3precursor /FL = gb: AF448838.1 gb:NM_138966.2 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA0559 2.37088 −0.29358 0.1990282.81E−02 protein, partial cds. /PROD = KIAA0559 protein Human65-kilodalton phosphoprotein 3.25522 0.620942 1.15317 2.88E−02 (p65)mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = phosphoprotein p65 /FL = gb: M22300.1 gb:NM_002298.2 gb: J02923.1 Human DNA sequence from clone 4.77522 2.189712.77459 4.04E−02 RP11-31K16 on chromosome 9. Contains a snoRNA bindingdomain pseudogene, the ELAVL2 gene for ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormalvision, Drosophila)-like 2, ESTs, STSs, GSSs and a CpG islandhypothetical protein FLJ11006 1.75389 −0.66646 0.100591 7.78E−04 Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 3.97344 1.32598 1.8683 3.19E−02 DKFZp566A1046 (fromclone DKFZp566A1046) ESTs 4.13356 1.60769 2.27415 1.85E−02 H. sapiensgene from PAC 106H8. 3.05906 −0.08711 −0.13845 4.34E−02 Human T-cellreceptor rearranged beta- 3.43862 0.94127 1.64514 5.31E−03 chainV-region (V-D-J) mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: M15564.1 peptidylprolylisomerase A (cyclophilin 1.76352 0.908832 3.26124 2.19E−02 A) Homosapiens mRNA for KIAA1597 6.20675 3.06104 3.12403 1.78E−02 protein,partial cds. /PROD = KIAA1597 protein HIV-1 rev binding protein 23.54001 0.617783 0.325316 3.52E−02 Homo sapiens nidogen 2 (NID2), mRNA.3.39549 0.915898 1.65422 4.70E−03 /PROD = nidogen 2 /FL = gb:NM_007361.1 gb: D86425.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 3.49826 0.8592331.46022 3.01E−02 DKFZp566A1046 (from clone DKFZp566A1046) Homo sapiensmuscleblind (Drosophila)- 3.53962 0.508166 0.298438 3.90E−02 like(MBNL), mRNA. /PROD = muscleblind (Drosophila)-like /FL = gb:NM_021038.1 gb: AB007888.1 hypothetical protein FLJ20163 5.26708 2.171482.01643 3.33E−02 KIAA0455 gene product 3.25374 0.057742 −0.016122.66E−02 hypothetical protein FLJ22833 2.93229 0.533105 1.40606 3.19E−02/FL = gb: NM_022837.1 ESTs 2.19313 −0.32822 0.427128 1.87E−02 Homosapiens NADPH oxidase 4 5.57794 2.61602 2.28462 4.04E−02 (NOX4), mRNA./PROD = NADPH oxidase 4 /FL = gb: AF261943.1 gb: NM_016931.1 gb:AF254621.1 gb: AB041035.1 ESTs 3.3266 0.840887 1.69605 0.00E+00 ESTs1.99635 −0.56359 0.236236 1.39E−02 Homo sapiens serumglucocorticoid4.81433 2.46478 3.47797 2.02E−02 regulated kinase (SGK), mRNA. /PROD =serumglucocorticoid regulated kinase /FL = gb: BC001263.1 gb:NM_005627.1 gb: AF153609.1 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 2 6.031493.65135 4.63469 1.17E−02 ESTs 3.8522 1.17894 0.483367 3.08E−02 Homosapiens similar to rat 1.74077 −1.45032 −1.24979 5.69E−04 tricarboxylatecarrier-like protein (BA108L7.2), mRNA. /PROD = similar to rattricarboxylate carrier-likeprotein /FL = gb: NM_030971.1 Homo sapiens,lectin, galactoside- 4.53668 1.85893 2.59596 3.84E−03 binding, soluble,3 (galectin 3), clone MGC: 2058, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = lectin,galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 (galectin 3) /FL = gb: NM_002306.1 gb:M35368.1 gb: BC001120.1 gb: M36682.1 gb: M57710.1 gb: AB006780.1 ESTs1.06738 −1.51321 −0.67814 7.68E−03 Homo sapiens heptacellular carcinoma5.55437 3.02649 3.91576 2.22E−02 novel gene-3 protein (LOC51339), mRNA./PROD = heptacellular carcinoma novel gene-3 protein /FL = gb:NM_016651.2 gb: AF251079.2 Homo sapiens, Similar to transforming 4.826422.07249 2.74019 1.03E−02 growth factor beta 1 induced transcript 1,clone MGC: 4078, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar to transforminggrowth factor beta 1induced transcript 1 /FL = gb: NM_015927.1 gb:BC001830.1 gb: AF116343.1 ESTs, Highly similar to FXD3_HUMAN 3.815231.18624 1.98102 4.17E−02 FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN D3 (H. sapiens) ESTs4.52094 1.70664 2.3196 2.78E−02 Homo sapiens potassium 3.68048 0.8973691.5433 1.32E−02 intermediatesmall conductance calcium- activatedchannel, subfamily N, member 2 (KCNN2), mRNA. /PROD = potassiumintermediatesmall conductancecalcium- activated channel, subfamily N,member 2 /FL = gb: NM_021614.1 gb: AF239613.1 Homo sapiens transportersimilar to 5.68324 3.35483 4.46553 3.00E−03 yeast MRS2 (MRS2L), mRNA./PROD = transporter similar to yeast MRS2 /FL = gb: AF288288.1 gb:NM_020662.1 Homo sapiens a disintegrin-like and 4.54713 2.07152 1.107265.91E−03 metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1motif, 5 (aggrecanase-2) (ADAMTS5), mRNA. /PROD = a disintegrin andmetalloprotease withthrombospondin motifs-5 preproprotein /FL = gb:NM_007038.1 gb: AF14209 HIV-1 rev binding protein 2 3.85003 0.8237690.407316 3.76E−02 Human, parathyroid-like protein 1.73564 −1.5631−1.41799 4.04E−02 (associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy)mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: J03580.1 ESTs 5.27633 2.76577 3.715421.39E−02 ESTs 1.7022 −1.29085 −0.81236 1.72E−02 pyruvate dehydrogenasephosphatase 6.62966 4.26189 5.37384 1.04E−03 /FL = gb: NM_018444.1 gb:AF155661.1 ESTs 3.90566 1.11378 1.80307 1.57E−02 Homo sapiens DRM (DRM)mRNA, 6.16645 3.12369 3.57831 1.59E−02 complete cds. /PROD = DRM /FL =gb: NM_013372.1 gb: AF110137.2 gb: AF045800.1 gb: AF154054.1 Homosapiens cDNA: FLJ22769 fis, 2.36483 −0.5543 0.025213 1.45E−04 cloneKAIA1316 ESTs 4.31647 1.44801 2.11226 2.19E−02 ESTs 1.24891 −1.42983−0.57145 1.29E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 2.85031 0.231102 1.164391.08E−02 DKFZp586N012 (from clone DKFZp586N012) jagged 1 (Alagillesyndrome) 2.54951 0.151382 1.31733 4.46E−03 ESTs, Weakly similar toI38588 reverse 1.16209 −1.26828 −0.1187 3.40E−02 transcriptase homolog(H. sapiens) KIAA1339 protein 4.41803 2.09451 3.35786 3.90E−02 ESTs3.83407 0.892884 1.56759 8.98E−03 DKFZP434D156 protein 4.42983 2.051543.28988 1.60E−02 Homo sapiens mRNA expressed only in 3.84408 0.7050311.20856 2.25E−02 placental villi, clone SMAP41. RAS guanyl releasingprotein 2 (calcium 2.7724 0.235409 1.34452 1.96E−02 and DAG-regulated)KIAA0164 gene product 4.99867 2.5327 3.72535 2.85E−02 /FL = gb:NM_014739.1 gb: D79986.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 5.14752 2.61217 3.766523.78E−02 DKFZp761M0111 (from clone DKFZp761M0111) Homo sapiens NPD009mRNA, 2.15383 −0.27664 0.990295 2.09E−03 complete cds. /PROD = NPD009/FL = gb: NM_020686.1 gb: AF237813.1 muscleblind (Drosophila)-like3.23823 0.467215 1.39628 7.60E−03 /FL = gb: NM_021038.1 gb: AB007888.1ESTs 4.49318 1.35004 1.91395 3.79E−02 muscleblind (Drosophila)-like1.84877 −0.57315 0.732468 8.06E−03 /FL = gb: NM_021038.1 gb: AB007888.1ESTs 6.068 3.42334 4.51189 1.89E−02 ESTs, Weakly similar to unnamed3.24528 0.740266 1.98306 3.89E−04 protein product (H. sapiens) Humancomplement cytolysis inhibitor 6.50766 4.03647 5.33533 1.77E−02 (CLI)mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: J02908.1 gb: NM_001831.1 gb: M64722.1 gb:M25915.1 ESTs 5.36759 2.42249 3.24765 3.23E−03 ESTs 0.957239 −1.43055−0.04796 5.55E−04 transporter similar to yeast MRS2 3.77395 1.183112.36844 1.83E−02 Homo sapiens, Similar to regulator for 5.09957 2.721794.14116 2.72E−02 ribosome resistance homolog (S. cerevisiae), clone MGC:2755, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar to regulator for ribosomeresistancehomolog (S. cerevisiae) /FL = gb: BC001811.1 SWISNF related,matrix associated, 2.54229 −0.29226 0.695255 1.89E−02 actin dependentregulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 2 /FL = gb: NM_003070.1 gb:D26155.1 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 3.34446 0.795373 2.07147 1.03E−02DKFZp586L2424 (from clone DKFZp586L2424) ESTs 4.63117 2.08252 3.369462.25E−03 Homo sapiens bicarbonate transporter- 3.17407 0.745852 2.170461.71E−03 related protein BTR1 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = bicarbonatetransporter- related protein BTR1 /FL = gb: AF336127.1 ESTs 1.08377−1.27197 0.228305 4.76E−02 ESTs 2.94657 0.127188 1.20032 1.43E−02 Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 2.47798 −0.26439 0.894731 4.51E−03 DKFZp434B2016(from clone DKFZp434B2016). ESTs 2.39983 −1.04089 −0.57976 3.37E−02 Homosapiens synaptotagmin interacting 2.11009 −0.57109 0.653181 1.78E−02protein STIP1 mRNA, partial cds. /PROD = synaptotagmin interactingprotein STIP1 Homo sapiens connexin 26 (GJB2) 2.86049 −0.57377 −0.093284.27E−04 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = connexin 26 /FL = gb: NM_004004.1gb: M86849.2 Homo sapiens brain-derived 1.71599 −0.79412 0.6167333.09E−02 neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mRNA. /PROD = brain-derivedneurotrophic factor /FL = gb: NM_001709.1 ESTs, Weakly similar tounknown 2.33677 −0.04066 1.5217 1.87E−03 (H. sapiens) ESTs 2.572650.177794 1.74876 2.74E−04 ESTs 2.6809 0.209095 1.70624 1.21E−02 Homosapiens DKC1 gene, exons 1 to 4.18307 1.70283 3.20863 2.00E−02 11 Homosapiens T cell receptor beta chain 4.45228 1.38318 2.30031 3.27E−03(TCRBV13S1-TCRBJ2S1) mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = T cell receptor betachain /FL = gb: AF043179.1 Homo sapiens PRO0066 mRNA, 0.466715 −1.87679−0.22665 4.25E−03 complete cds. /PROD = PRO0066 /FL = gb: AF113007.1axonal transport of synaptic vesicles 5.20385 2.74124 4.27648 3.33E−03Homo sapiens, Similar to cyclin M2, 0.139313 −2.31405 −0.76333 1.46E−02clone MGC: 12933 IMAGE: 4308662, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar tocyclin M2 /FL = gb: BC021222.1 Homo sapiens clone CDABP0095 3.872012.7936 5.73958 9.63E−03 mRNA sequence H. sapiens mRNA for ribosomalprotein 2.00401 0.354674 2.73013 4.70E−04 L18a homologue. /PROD =ribosomal protein L18a homologue ESTs, Weakly similar to ALU7_HUMAN3.43639 0.843826 2.28468 3.37E−02 ALU SUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCECONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens, clone IMAGE:5242616, −0.525567 −2.07832 0.406964 2.23E−02 mRNA. Homo sapiens C1orf24mRNA, complete 5.17968 2.58724 4.04213 1.98E−04 cds. /PROD = C1orf24 /FL= gb: AF288391.1 gb: AB050477.1 gb: NM_022083.1 Homo sapiens cloneIMAGE: 451939, 5.15776 2.22786 3.40438 2.60E−02 mRNA sequence Homosapiens cDNA FLJ14942 fis, 0.682724 −2.08716 −0.74074 1.45E−02 clonePLACE1011185, highly similar to INSERTION ELEMENT IS1 PROTEIN INSB.hypothetical protein FLJ20425 4.23689 1.90847 3.69988 1.15E−02 /FL = gb:NM_017816.1 gb: AL136750.1 Homo sapiens matrix metalloproteinase 2.28308−0.65903 0.521586 8.87E−03 10 (stromelysin 2) (MMP10), mRNA. /PROD =matrix metalloproteinase 10 preproprotein /FL = gb: BC002591.1 gb:NM_002425.1 ESTs 3.67167 2.20619 4.86553 3.16E−03 Homo sapiens prominin(mouse)-like 1 5.46002 2.79737 4.29571 1.38E−03 (PROML1), mRNA. /PROD =prominin (mouse)-like 1 /FL = gb: NM_006017.1 gb: AF027208.1 Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 2.40278 −0.68409 0.399469 1.48E−02 DKFZp434M2415(from clone DKFZp434M2415). Homo sapiens hypothetical protein 2.14710.312211 2.65409 2.28E−04 FLJ20701 (FLJ20701), mRNA. /PROD =hypothetical protein FLJ20701 /FL = gb: NM_017933.1 Homo sapiens cDNAFLJ35259 fis, 6.79033 3.86627 5.12737 1.23E−03 clone PROST2004251. Homosapiens hypothetical protein 4.0369 1.34318 2.84336 7.69E−03 FLJ39553(FLJ39553), mRNA. /FL = gb: NM_173549.1 Human microfibril-associated3.89326 0.527618 1.35764 1.81E−03 glycoprotein-2 MAGP-2 mRNA, completecds. /PROD = microfibril- associated glycoprotein-2 MAGP-2 /FL = gb:NM_003480.1 gb: U37283.1 Homo sapiens proprotein convertase 3.768970.368734 1.17396 1.38E−02 subtilisinkexin type 5 (PCSK5), mRNA. /PROD =proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 5 /FL = gb: U56387.2 gb:NM_006200.1 Cluster Incl. AI735391:at10e09.x1 Homo 2.59941 0.2035642.03637 1.12E−04 sapiens cDNA, 3 end /clone = IMAGE- 2354728 /clone_end= 3 /gb = AI735391 /gi = 5056915 /ug = Hs.20137 /len = 567 ESTs 2.30031−1.01596 −0.08964 1.46E−02 Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut) 3.50041 1.099542.95915 1.22E−02 Homo sapiens full length insert cDNA −1.40946 −3.04877−0.39378 3.32E−02 YI25A03 ESTs 0.806666 −2.01081 −0.53076 1.91E−02 Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 3.1892 0.012768 1.13562 1.35E−03 DKFZp761G02121 (fromclone DKFZp761G02121); partial cds Homo sapiens TMEFF2 mRNA, 2.28638−0.89508 0.225546 1.21E−03 complete cds. /FL = gb: AB017269.1 gb:NM_016192.2 gb: AF179274.2 gb: AF242222.1 Homo sapiens, clone MGC: 3328,3.54625 0.772486 2.30168 4.16E−02 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Unknown(protein for MGC: 3328) /FL = gb: BC001745.1 gb: NM_014392.1 ESTs2.18149 −0.58303 0.984522 2.68E−02 synaptojanin 2 4.166 1.83143 3.841990.00E+00 KIAA0367 protein 1.5999 −1.50555 −0.26286 1.58E−02 ESTs,Moderately similar to 0.868185 −1.46804 0.573078 1.69E−02 ALU8_HUMAN ALUSUBFAMILY SX SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens)bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger 1.60872 −1.12544 0.518361 2.11E−02domain, 1B Human complement cytolysis inhibitor 6.61592 3.91665 5.5961.66E−02 (CLI) mRNA, complete cds. /FL = gb: J02908.1 gb: NM_001831.1gb: M64722.1 gb: M25915.1 forkhead box O1A (rhabdomyosarcoma) 5.049752.59802 4.53545 1.60E−03 /FL = gb: NM_002015.2 gb: AF032885.1 gb:U02310.1 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ22727 fis, 4.88391 2.09093 3.688751.91E−02 clone HSI15054 cadherin 6, type 2, K-cadherin (fetal 3.273710.243335 1.61199 2.74E−04 kidney) /FL = gb: D31784.1 gb: NM_004932.1ESTs 3.97749 0.786845 1.99803 1.73E−02 endonuclease G-like 1 1.11519−2.09018 −0.88324 1.69E−02 /FL = gb: AB020523.1 gb: NM_005107.1 Homosapiens cDNA FLJ13034 fis, 4.59641 0.64328 1.1121 1.66E−02 cloneNT2RP3001232 Human DNA sequence from clone RP4- 2.91607 0.209555 1.926441.93E−02 614O4 on chromosome 20q11.1-12 Contains the 3 part of the MMP24(matrix metalloproteinase 24 (membrane-inserted)) gene, the ITGB4BP(integrin beta 4 binding protein) gene, the 3 end of a novel gene, the 3end o . . . Homo sapiens, collapsin response 0.672753 −1.75265 0.2508038.65E−03 mediator protein-5; CRMP3-associated molecule, clone MGC:11247, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = collapsin response mediatorprotein-5; CRMP3- associated molecule /FL = gb: BC002874.1 ESTs,Moderately similar to 2.91576 0.289656 2.10334 2.57E−03 ALU7_HUMAN ALUSUBFAMILY SQ SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H. sapiens) ESTs,Moderately similar to CA1C RAT 6.2681 1.94518 1.82747 4.12E−02 COLLAGENALPHA 1 (XII) CHAIN (R. norvegicus) Homo sapiens alpha-aminoadipate5.2604 2.72549 4.6685 4.33E−03 semialdehyde synthase mRNA, complete cds./PROD = alpha- aminoadipate semialdehyde synthase /FL = gb: AF229180.1Homo sapiens Wnt inhibitory factor-1 1.03265 −1.51207 0.433159 8.62E−05(WIF-1), mRNA. /PROD = Wnt inhibitory factor-1 /FL = gb: AF122922.1 gb:NM_007191.1 ribosomal protein S11 4.95358 2.25158 4.04683 2.98E−04 Homosapiens tumor necrosis factor, 2.42729 −0.73843 0.613222 1.93E−02alpha-induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6), mRNA. /PROD = tumor necrosis factor,alpha-induced protein 6 /FL = gb: NM_007115.1 Homo sapienshairyenhancer-of-split 2.3848 −0.44154 1.27956 3.16E−03 related withYRPW motif 2 (HEY2), mRNA. /PROD = hairyenhancer-of-split related withYRPW motif2 /FL = gb: NM_012259.1 gb: AF311884.1 gb: AB044755.1 gb:AF232238.1 gb: AF237949.1 gb: AF173901.1 Homo sapiens semenogelin I(SEMG1), 0.585816 −2.46893 −0.95223 3.05E−02 mRNA. /PROD = semenogelin I/FL = gb: J04440.1 gb: NM_003007.1 Homo sapiens, Similar to cadherin 6,2.38648 −0.02212 2.14359 2.59E−03 type 2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney),clone MGC: 1470, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar to cadherin 6, type2, K- cadherin (fetalkidney) /FL = gb: BC000019.1 Homo sapiens mRNA;cDNA 2.16899 −0.56794 1.27546 3.16E−03 DKFZp434H0350 (from cloneDKFZp434H0350); partial cds. /PROD = hypothetical protein Homo sapiensgrowth factor receptor- 4.2346 1.17569 2.73613 4.80E−03 bound protein 14(GRB14), mRNA. /PROD = growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 /FL = gb:L76687.1 gb: NM_004490.1 Homo sapiens, Similar to TAF5-like RNA 2.10954−0.1313 2.24853 8.24E−04 polymerase II, p300CBP-associated factor(PCAF)-associated factor, 65 kDa, clone MGC: 46101 IMAGE: 5551246, mRNA,complete cds. /PROD = Similar to TAF5-like RNA polymerase II, p300CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-associat Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 1.42404−1.99222 −0.77126 3.21E−02 DKFZp761J1324 (from clone DKFZp761J1324)solute carrier family 30 (zinc 2.82535 0.288493 2.38889 0.00E+00transporter), member 1 antizyme inhibitor 3.65887 0.37346 1.749121.86E−02 Homo sapiens GRO1 oncogene 2.51473 0.107263 2.38874 7.16E−04(melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha) (GRO1), mRNA. /PROD = GRO1oncogene (melanoma growth stimulatingactivity, alpha) /FL = gb:NM_001511.1 Homo sapiens proprotein convertase 4.90999 0.871309 1.524411.71E−02 subtilisinkexin type 5 (PCSK5), mRNA. /PROD = proproteinconvertase subtilisinkexin type 5 /FL = gb: U56387.2 gb: NM_006200.1ESTs 0.254736 −1.96122 0.51777 4.00E−02 G-protein gamma-12 subunit3.93653 1.06178 2.88889 5.11E−04 /FL = gb: NM_018841.1 gb: AF119663.1platelet-derived growth factor alpha 3.50343 0.651246 2.50207 3.99E−03polypeptide clusterin (complement lysis inhibitor, SP- 2.88196 −0.426770.9712 8.48E−03 40,40, sulfated glycoprotein 2, testosterone-repressedprostate message 2, apolipoprotein J) ESTs 2.82081 −1.69816 −1.899854.10E−02 Homo sapiens insulinoma-associated 1 2.94347 0.120494 2.022481.43E−03 (INSM1), mRNA. /PROD = insulinoma- associated 1 /FL = gb:NM_002196.1 gb: M93119.1 LBP protein 32 /FL = gb: NM_014552.1 2.68546−0.16678 1.70626 1.87E−03 gb: AF198489.1 ESTs, Highly similar to T426542.84504 0.515703 2.95379 7.92E−04 hypothetical protein DKFZp434G1115.1(H. sapiens) Homo sapiens Friend leukemia virus 1.7744 −2.28064 −1.567653.14E−02 integration 1 (FLI1), mRNA. /PROD = Friend leukemia virusintegration 1 /FL = gb: BC001670.1 gb: NM_002017.2 gb: M98833.3 ESTs0.846429 −2.42046 −0.91891 1.57E−02 Homo sapiens oxidative 3 alpha1.30153 −1.64227 0.196394 3.20E−03 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; retinoldehydrogenase; 3-hydroxysteroid epimerase (RODH), mRNA. /PROD =oxidative 3 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase;retinol dehydrogenase;3-hydroxysteroid epimerase /FL = gb: AF016509.1 gb: A minorhistocompatibility antigen HA-1 1.89498 −0.37136 2.15157 4.61E−02UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 4.26327 0.968939 2.4776 6.20E−03 Homosapiens regulator of G-protein 5.42952 3.05504 5.49711 1.21E−03signalling 2, 24 kD (RGS2), mRNA. /PROD = regulator of G-proteinsignalling 2, 24 kD /FL = gb: L13463.1 gb: NM_002923.1 ESTs 4.499871.01623 2.35659 1.86E−03 ESTs 0.623422 −1.94907 0.317138 8.95E−04 ESTs0.326084 −1.69499 1.13586 1.10E−02 ESTs 3.82952 0.673296 2.371123.92E−02 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ10160 fis, 2.80876 −0.24405 1.568531.39E−02 clone HEMBA1003545, highly similar to INSULIN GENE ENHANCERPROTEIN ISL-2. thyroid hormone receptor-associated 4.66717 2.018834.2391 4.63E−03 protein, 150 kDa subunit /FL = gb: NM_005119.1 gb:AF117756.1 ESTs 2.4548 −0.3811 1.65212 4.08E−03 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA3.13835 0.605922 2.95511 1.53E−03 DKFZp667D095 (from clone DKFZp667D095)Homo sapiens synaptojanin 2 mRNA, 2.94452 0.23595 2.4148 3.63E−04complete cds. /PROD = synaptojanin 2 /FL = gb: AF318616.1 Homo sapiensprocollagen C- 3.37999 0.343624 2.21149 1.46E−02 endopeptidase enhancer(PCOLCE), mRNA. /PROD = procollagen C- endopeptidase enhancer /FL = gb:BC000574.1 gb: NM_002593.2 gb: AB008549.1 gb: L33799.1 ESTs 3.244950.925809 3.52818 1.70E−04 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA0930 3.657720.911608 3.09513 8.62E−05 protein, partial cds. /PROD = KIAA0930 proteinHomo sapiens forkhead transcription 1.51993 −2.14186 −0.86243 3.75E−02factor FOXL2 (BPES), mRNA. /PROD = forkhead transcription factor FOXL2/FL = gb: AF301906.1 gb: NM_023067.1 ESTs 1.9867 −1.5948 −0.21712.81E−03 ESTs, Highly similar to AF174600 1 F- 3.06175 0.202953 2.356912.45E−02 box protein Fbx20 (H. sapiens) Homo sapiens ankyrin 3, node of3.11644 0.101116 2.09865 2.90E−03 Ranvier (ankyrin G) (ANK3), transcriptvariant 2, mRNA. /PROD = ankyrin 3, isoform 2 /FL = gb: NM_001149.1 gb:U43965.1 Homo sapiens tumor necrosis factor 2.39086 −1.04254 0.5587791.62E−02 receptor superfamily, member 6 (TNFRSF6), mRNA. /PROD =apoptosis (APO-1) antigen 1 /FL = gb: NM_000043.1 gb: M67454.1 Homosapiens thyrotropin-releasing 1.30849 −1.50688 0.822517 4.91E−02 hormonedegrading ectoenzyme (TRHDE), mRNA. /PROD = thyrotropin- releasinghormone degradingectoenzyme /FL = gb: AF126372.1 gb: NM_013381.1 ESTs4.65711 0.915563 2.32327 6.29E−03 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA 2.36072−2.02594 −1.25286 1.50E−02 DKFZp564N1116 (from clone DKFZp564N1116) Homosapiens placental protein 13-like 3.55894 0.434263 2.47085 3.48E−03protein (LOC56891), mRNA. /PROD = placental protein 13-like protein /FL= gb: NM_020129.1 gb: AF267852.1 Homo sapiens, Similar to receptor2.05578 0.178992 3.5007 4.46E−04 tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1,clone MGC: 12687, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar to receptortyrosine kinase-like orphanreceptor 1 /FL = gb: BC006374.1 ESTs 0.159066−2.96514 −0.84976 3.25E−02 Homo sapiens, Similar to v-ets avian 2.22285−1.58562 −0.1074 2.63E−02 erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1,clone MGC: 29755 IMAGE: 3946751, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar tov-ets avian erythroblastosis virusE26 oncogene homolog 1 /FL = gb:BC017314.1 ESTs, Highly similar to dedicator of cyto- 0.83871 −2.29829−0.12951 1.85E−02 kinesis 1 (H. sapiens) ESTs 1.1465 −1.7403 0.6827683.99E−02 ESTs 1.7466 −1.67509 0.283174 2.97E−03 ESTs, Weakly similar toPMXB_HUMAN 1.03192 −2.44485 −0.51457 1.87E−03 PAIRED MESODERM HOMEOBOXPROTEIN 2B (H. sapiens) ESTs 3.22222 −0.29339 1.59904 7.36E−03 Homosapiens cDNA FLJ10561 fis, 2.295 −1.60823 −0.08369 3.93E−03 cloneNT2RP2002672 Homo sapiens, Similar to KIAA0441 1.38545 −1.60426 0.869092.33E−03 gene product, clone MGC: 45124 IMAGE: 5578893, mRNA, completecds. /PROD = Similar to KIAA0441 gene product /FL = gb: BC036731.1 Homosapiens, clone IMAGE: 4067166, 0.195869 −2.50507 0.276993 1.16E−03 mRNAESTs 1.5857 −2.61787 −1.30022 1.12E−02 Homo sapiens methyl-CpG binding0.490598 −3.45465 −1.70163 3.90E−03 protein MBD2 (MBD2) mRNA, completecds. /PROD = methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2 /FL = gb: NM_003927.2 gb:AF072242.1 KIAA1151 protein 0.642527 −2.04288 1.00885 4.09E−03 H.sapiens mRNA for B-HLH DNA 5.43034 1.56039 3.45122 1.12E−04 bindingprotein. /PROD = B-HLH DNA binding protein /FL = gb: NM_000474.1 Homosapiens, Similar to hypothetical 0.520711 −1.99011 1.26899 2.63E−02protein FLJ32001, clone MGC: 39559 IMAGE: 4828136, mRNA, complete cds./PROD = Similar to hypothetical protein FLJ32001 /FL = gb: BC036200.1Homo sapiens Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), 2.40462 −2.96375 −2.43546 1.41E−02transcript variant D, mRNA. /PROD = Wilms tumor 1 isoform D /FL = gb:NM_024424.1 gb: NM_024426.1 ESTs 1.53104 −1.54553 1.37309 8.14E−03 Homosapiens, Similar to cadherin 6, 2.54746 −0.69811 2.13419 1.45E−04 type2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney), clone MGC: 1470, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD= Similar to cadherin 6, type 2, K- cadherin (fetalkidney) /FL = gb:BC000019.1 ESTs 0.133612 −3.77953 −1.56636 1.40E−02 paternally expressed3 2.87581 −1.67669 −0.0118 2.17E−02 Homo sapiens Charot-Leyden crystal3.30086 −0.41644 2.1096 2.08E−02 protein (CLC), mRNA. /PROD = Charot-Leyden crystal protein /FL = gb: NM_001828.3 gb: L01664.1 ESTs 3.26198−0.72777 1.5682 3.16E−03 Homo sapiens tachykinin, precursor 1 2.77265−1.02081 1.48319 4.07E−04 (substance K, substance P, neurokinin 1,neurokinin 2, neuromedin L, neurokinin alpha, neuropeptide K,neuropeptide gamma) (TAC1), transcript variant beta, mRNA. /PROD =tachykinin 2 precursor, isoform beta /FL = gb: U3 Homo sapiens PNAS-123mRNA, 1.59659 −1.46656 1.84663 3.90E−03 complete cds Homo sapienshypothetical protein −0.359245 −3.46654 −0.06528 2.55E−03 FLJ20075(FLJ20075), mRNA. /PROD = hypothetical protein FLJ20075 /FL = gb:NM_017655.1 Human platelet-derived growth factor 2.44464 −0.5846 2.904843.63E−04 alpha-receptor (PDGFRA) mRNA, exons 13-16 Homo sapiens cDNA:FLJ22547 fis, 4.29365 −0.10882 2.09548 1.54E−02 clone HSI00356 Homosapiens HSPC156 protein 0.786188 −2.32161 1.29619 8.62E−05 (HSPC156),mRNA. /PROD = HSPC156 protein /FL = gb: NM_014178.1 gb: AF161505.1 Homosapiens mRNA; cDNA 0.485642 −4.8524 −3.09356 2.02E−02 DKFZp586P1124(from clone DKFZp586P1124) caldesmon 1 /FL = gb: M64110.1 7.092362.67863 5.63436 7.47E−03 gb: NM_004342.2 Homo sapiens, Similar tohypothetical 1.69808 −2.74939 0.215566 1.92E−02 protein FLJ10058, cloneMGC: 34305 IMAGE: 5167647, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = Similar tohypothetical protein FLJ10058 /FL = gb: BC034293.1 Homo sapiens, Similarto LIM homeobox −0.062884 −4.30121 −1.10961 1.16E−02 protein 8, cloneIMAGE: 4839343, mRNA. Homo sapiens chorionic 0.812166 −2.21846 2.218433.60E−03 somatomammotropin hormone 2 (CSH2), transcript variant 4, mRNA./PROD = chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2, isoform4 /FL = gb:NM_022646.1 Homo sapiens HES-related repressor 2.80599 −1.19396 2.405622.44E−03 protein 1 HERP1 mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = HES-relatedrepressor protein 1 HERP1 /FL = gb: NM_012259.1 gb: AF311884.1 gb:AB044755.1 gb: AF232238.1 gb: AF237949.1 gb: AF173901.1 Homo sapienscadherin 6, type 2, K- 0.824752 −3.83509 −0.87634 2.49E−02 cadherin(fetal kidney) (CDH6), mRNA. /PROD = cadherin 6, type 2, K-cadherin(fetal kidney) /FL = gb: D31784.1 gb: NM_004932.1 paternally expressed 32.87398 −4.12925 −3.49232 2.19E−02 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ11398 fis,2.5268 −1.71619 1.84868 4.46E−04 clone HEMBA1000637. Homo sapiensBCL2-interacting killer 4.30042 0.023414 3.56237 1.94E−03(apoptosis-inducing) (BIK), mRNA. /PROD = BCL2-interacting killer /FL =gb: NM_001197.2 gb: BC001599.1 gb: U34584.1 gb: U49730.1 Homo sapienstestis expressed 3.51154 −2.84891 −1.3824 2.18E−02 sequence 14 (TEX14),mRNA. /PROD = testis expressed sequence 14 /FL = gb: NM_031272.1 Homosapiens growth hormone 2 (GH2), 0.922569 −2.77587 1.4679 1.60E−03transcript variant 2, mRNA. /PROD = growth hormone 2, isoform 2precursor /FL = gb: J03756.1 gb: NM_022557.1 Homo sapiens, clone IMAGE:4828836, 0.972907 −4.24111 −1.48398 1.63E−02 mRNA. Homo sapiens galaninreceptor 1 2.50745 −3.13141 −0.33802 3.38E−03 (GALR1), mRNA. /PROD =galanin receptor 1 /FL = gb: NM_001480.2 gb: U23854.1 gb: L34339.1 gb:U53511.1 Homo sapiens, serine (or cysteine) 1.96851 −4.13943 −1.565683.06E−02 proteinase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 3, clone MGC:12244, mRNA, complete cds. /PROD = serine (or cysteine) proteinaseinhibitor, cladeB (ovalbumin), member 3 /FL = gb: NM_006919.1 gb:U19556.1 gb: BC005224.1 DKFZP566K1924 protein 2.88225 −2.59632 1.390620.00E+00 ESTs, Moderately similar to 4.24074 −0.69782 3.87444 1.12E−04ALU2_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SB SEQUENCE CONTAMINATION WARNING ENTRY (H.sapiens) Human mRNA upregulated during 0.494505 −4.62912 −0.189154.38E−02 camptothecin-induced apoptosis of U937 cells. nuclear receptorsubfamily 1, group I, 1.77902 −4.02806 −0.19682 4.34E−02 member 3 ESTs−1.3795 −6.08172 −0.94606 6.91E−04 Homo sapiens chorionic 1.12437−3.12138 2.61605 1.12E−04 somatomammotropin hormone 2 (CSH2), transcriptvariant 1, mRNA. /PROD = chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2, isoform1precursor /FL = gb: NM_020991.2 gb: BC002717.1 Homo sapiens mRNA forSCCA2b, 3.32911 −3.16288 0.568045 1.93E−02 complete cds. /PROD = SCCA2b/FL = gb: AB046400.1 Homo sapiens KIAA0469 gene product 4.03097 −1.948262.56518 2.49E−04 (KIAA0469), mRNA. /PROD = KIAA0469 gene product /FL =gb: AB007938.1 gb: NM_014851.1 ESTs 4.45389 −2.40636 5.33359 5.65E−04

TABLE VII THE EFFECT OF WNT-3A TREAMENT ON CYTOKINE EXPRESSION INPOPULATIONS OF CELLS FROM THE HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL LINE H9. Celllysate Cell conditioned media w/o wnt 1 w/o wnt 2 w/wnt 1 w/wnt 2 w/ownt 1 w/o wnt 2 w/wnt 1 w/wnt 2 POS 62,842.33 67,606.06 49,758.3450,702.57 96,585.15 109,721.82 199,709.04 195,889.94 NEG 23.38 34.49370.82 400.66 58.06 34.45 216.90 105.20 Angiogenin 38.50 132.91 619.40750.85 13,726.35 11,749.55 57,442.48 54,969.04 BDNF 167.50 167.82 763.51951.45 689.22 563.39 770.08 715.86 BLC 2.00 48.99 742.24 476.36 107.69512.77 337.12 249.80 BMP-4 247.00 273.70 348.44 304.48 583.40 541.831,158.54 771.19 BMP-6 8.50 141.92 571.23 641.05 354.91 355.28 985.70670.60 CK beta 8-1 1.00 1.13 22.48 21.54 17.79 25.31 42.78 75.44 CNTF1.00 55.19 1,382.51 1,060.82 282.81 211.86 787.19 541.51 EGF 32.50 82.22742.24 984.39 1,681.85 1,406.12 23,331.57 22,768.53 Eotaxin 1.00 7.32301.87 253.80 207.89 199.67 622.91 291.71 Eotaxin-2 262.00 336.771,155.31 960.31 890.56 744.31 2,156.21 1,445.14 Eotaxin-3 184.50 284.96934.12 847.56 975.77 665.56 2,140.81 1,480.35 FGF-6 629.00 379.571,327.92 964.54 1,239.85 947.73 3,283.94 2,519.78 FGF-7 31.00 222.451,075.02 941.73 449.49 352.47 1,086.66 861.72 Flt-3 Ligand 44.00 180.21857.45 795.19 315.58 277.47 511.67 792.98 Fractalkine 23.50 62.51 792.02456.51 120.80 145.30 359.37 367.15 GCP-2 1.00 45.05 593.71 538.86 203.21166.86 451.78 362.12 GDNF 84.00 292.84 436.75 444.68 176.99 194.98443.22 509.66 GM-CSF 433.00 636.37 1,343.17 1,161.75 777.25 722.751,808.82 1,446.82 I-309 152.50 246.10 708.52 743.25 1,828.87 179.05318.30 288.36 IFN-gamma 349.00 441.52 1,202.67 1,037.60 283.74 559.641,238.97 1,435.08 IGFBP-1 1.50 3.38 59.41 85.73 33.71 24.37 227.60155.91 IGFBP-2 3,785.50 5,554.45 2,671.90 2,414.72 27,656.85 28,473.9542,215.53 43,934.33 IGFBP-4 5,553.00 6,043.27 4,459.85 4,173.1910,091.09 6,029.45 18,988.34 13,380.14 IGF-I 1.00 2.25 558.38 208.1988.96 148.11 254.98 187.77 IL-10 158.00 422.93 1,222.75 1,096.30 722.93564.32 1,625.71 1,129.96 IL-13 428.50 555.84 1,486.89 1,407.96 1,114.36786.49 2,522.42 1,807.27 IL-15 599.50 808.13 1,677.16 1,601.79 1,140.59858.67 2,495.04 1,981.62 IL-16 2.00 137.97 651.11 668.50 259.39 214.67436.38 405.71 IL-1alpha 1,236.00 1,216.99 1,612.93 1,421.89 10,155.705,842.90 3,999.26 3,545.79 IL-1beta 1.00 1.13 352.05 312.08 117.99 75.93316.59 278.30 IL-1ra 33.00 25.91 302.68 198.48 142.34 93.74 354.23581.75 IL-2 210.50 681.99 966.23 1,133.88 188.22 363.72 758.10 881.84IL-3 3,146.50 1,976.13 2,119.94 1,497.48 4,598.86 5,260.77 11,345.7812,174.73 IL-4 17.50 74.34 625.42 638.94 357.72 239.04 804.30 673.95IL-5 400.50 555.84 1,245.23 1,167.24 1,056.31 791.18 2,120.27 1,713.38IL-6 828.50 516.98 1,121.19 842.07 7,377.28 9,527.88 9,774.82 9,991.93IL-7 190.00 313.12 1,212.31 531.68 456.98 430.27 681.09 1,017.63 Leptin900.50 617.79 1,234.39 1,091.65 2,999.42 2,016.38 7,238.71 4,886.99LIGHT 10.50 232.02 1,081.04 888.10 619.92 453.71 1,346.78 1,108.17 MCP-1242.50 282.71 1,022.03 1,076.03 572.17 500.58 2,015.89 1,567.53 MCP-224.00 109.25 909.63 1,152.46 129.23 351.53 694.78 694.07 MCP-3 1.00168.38 1,184.61 1,255.50 401.73 169.67 701.62 583.42 MCP-4 7.50 46.741,380.51 1,606.86 123.61 61.87 231.02 276.62 M-CSF 1.00 63.64 852.63867.83 529.09 269.04 740.98 684.01 MDC 1.00 2.25 269.36 280.41 157.3252.50 280.65 132.44 MIG 291.00 226.39 1,113.16 1,137.26 272.50 486.52617.77 1,222.17 MIP-1-delta 1.50 1.13 491.75 322.22 144.21 66.56 474.02291.71 MIP-3-alpha 1.00 5.63 1,602.09 1,399.93 55.25 0.00 208.78 184.41NAP-2 1.00 6.19 465.66 177.37 97.39 110.61 371.35 343.68 NT-3 1.00 1.13316.73 275.76 97.39 171.55 571.57 427.51 PARC 1.00 2.25 352.85 353.04170.43 81.56 474.02 363.80 PDGF-BB 437.00 1,644.99 517.84 597.564,729.96 8,521.09 2,635.37 2,005.09 RANTES 1.00 89.54 724.98 637.25393.31 347.78 682.80 855.01 SCF 74.50 148.67 1,152.50 1,021.13 691.09487.46 1,394.69 2,155.98 SDF-1 23.50 51.25 940.14 1,294.78 382.07 123.74326.85 616.95 TARC 1.50 5.07 372.93 343.33 206.95 71.24 277.23 1,642.97TGF-beta 1 362.00 230.33 1,426.67 1,240.30 752.90 740.56 1,827.651,849.18 TGF-beta 3 3.00 25.91 377.74 1,130.93 111.44 115.30 294.34343.68 TNF-alpha 431.00 579.49 2,851.74 1,285.91 1,205.20 929.912,609.70 2,167.71 TNF-beta 241.00 342.40 1,049.33 1,026.62 675.17 671.191,701.01 1,637.94 Internal Control 18,642.67 18,642.67 18,642.6718,642.67 18,642.67 18,642.67 18,642.67 18,642.67 POS 60,794.8348,106.85 35,652.42 47,391.58 94,013.71 90,889.16 141,321.30 149,125.43NEG 11.13 5.53 11.22 30.45 24.93 17.75 36.22 33.27 Acrp30 1,036.00744.50 601.61 690.66 1,797.52 1,319.88 2,795.71 2,302.99 AgRP 11.00153.99 77.82 89.00 378.17 195.90 651.26 482.21 Angiopoietin-2 28.5010.43 357.97 771.04 655.82 632.60 65,959.24 71,664.21 Amphiregulin 17.5015.44 73.63 154.62 250.52 151.01 619.07 782.60 Axl 637.50 795.83 88.59139.03 401.31 324.05 610.40 748.34 bFGF 59,820.50 54,057.29 11,722.9521,398.52 7,948.03 4,993.83 1,226.99 1,241.09

TABLE VIII CHANGES IN THE PERCENTAGE OF INSULIN- EXPRESSING CELLS ANDSYNAPTOPHYSIN- EXPRESSING CELLS DERIVED FROM HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSWITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE. 5 mM 10 mM 20 mM Insulin 8.9%10.9% 16% Synaptophysin 19.2%   21% 36%

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for increasing insulin in a patienthaving Type 1 diabetes comprising: and differentiating pancreaticendoderm cells into a population of pancreatic endocrine cells byculturing pancreatic endoderm cells in medium supplemented with glucoseat a concentration from about 10 mM to about 20 mM and treating with afactor selected from the group consisting of: a gamma secretaseinhibitor, Exendin-4, and a combination of Exendin-4 and hepatocytegrowth factor; and providing the population of pancreatic endocrinecells to the patient, wherein the cells are provided by implantingencapsulated cells into the liver or by infusing the cells into thehepatic portal vein, wherein cells in the population of pancreaticendocrine cells express insulin.
 2. A method for increasing insulin in apatient having Type 1 diabetes comprising: differentiating humanpluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm cells by treating thehuman pluripotent stem cells with activin A; differentiating thedefinitive endoderm cells into pancreatic endoderm cells by treating thedefinitive endoderm cells with at least one fibroblast growth factor, orwith retinoic acid and at least one fibroblast growth factor;differentiating the pancreatic endoderm cells into a population ofpancreatic endocrine cells by culturing the pancreatic endoderm cells inmedium supplemented with glucose at a concentration from about 10 mM toabout 20 mM and treating with a factor selected from the groupconsisting of: a gamma secretase inhibitor, Exendin-4, and a combinationof Exendin-4 and hepatocyte growth factor; and providing the populationof pancreatic endocrine cells to the patient, wherein the population isprovided by implanting encapsulated cells into the liver or by infusingthe cells into the hepatic portal vein, and wherein cells in thepopulation express insulin.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the humanpluripotent embryonic stem cells are human embryonic stem cells.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the human pluripotent embryonic stem cellsare derived from a cell line of the group consisting of H1 and H9. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the human pluripotent embryonic stemcells are human embryonic stem cells.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe human pluripotent embryonic stem cells are derived from a cell lineof the group consisting of H1 and H9.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe pancreatic endocrine cells are produced by culturing pancreaticendoderm cells with a gamma secretase inhibitor.
 8. The method of claim1, wherein the pancreatic endocrine cells are produced by culturingpancreatic endoderm cells with Exendin-4.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the pancreatic endocrine cells are produced by culturingpancreatic endoderm cells with a combination of Exendin-4 and hepatocytegrowth factor.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the pancreaticendocrine cells are produced by culturing pancreatic endoderm cells witha gamma secretase inhibitor.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein thepancreatic endocrine cells are produced by culturing pancreatic endodermcells with Exendin-4.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the pancreaticendocrine cells are produced by culturing pancreatic endoderm cells witha combination of Exendin-4 and hepatocyte growth factor.
 13. A methodfor increasing insulin in a patient having Type 1 diabetes comprising:generating a population of human pancreatic endocrine cells in whichcells express insulin by culturing pancreatic endoderm cells in mediumsupplemented with glucose at a concentration from about 10 mM to about20 mM and treating with a factor selected from the group consisting of:a gamma secretase inhibitor, Exendin-4, and a combination of Exendin-4and hepatocyte growth factor; and providing the population of endocrinecells to the patient by implanting encapsulated cells into the liver orby infusing cells into the hepatic portal vein.
 14. The method of claim13, wherein the pancreatic endoderm cells are cultured in mediumsupplemented with a gamma secretase inhibitor and glucose at aconcentration from about 10 mM to about 20 mM.
 15. The method of claim13, wherein the pancreatic endoderm cells are cultured in mediumsupplemented with Exendin-4 and glucose at a concentration from about 10mM to about 20 mM.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the pancreaticendoderm cells are cultured in medium supplemented with Exendin-4,hepatocyte growth factor and glucose at a concentration from about 10 mMto about 20 mM.